Engineered tyrosine ammonia lyase

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides engineered tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) polypeptides and compositions thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides have been optimized to provide enhanced catalytic activity while reducing sensitivity to proteolysis and increasing tolerance to acidic pH levels. The invention also provides methods for utilization of the compositions comprising the engineered TAL polypeptides for therapeutic and industrial purposes.

The present application is a Continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/689,503, filed Nov. 20, 2019, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/367,640, filed Mar. 28, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,533,168, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/432,429, filed Feb. 14, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,287,567, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/688,126, filed Apr. 16, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,605,252, which claims priority to U.S. Prov. Appln. Ser. No. 61/980,167, filed Apr. 16, 2014, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED AS AN ASCII TEXT FILE

The Sequence Listing written in file CX7-143US2_ST25.TXT, created on Apr. 15, 2015, 65,536 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS-Windows operating system, is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides engineered tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) polypeptides and compositions thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides have been optimized to provide enhanced catalytic activity while reducing sensitivity to proteolysis and increasing tolerance to acidic pH levels. The invention also provides methods for utilization of the compositions comprising the engineered TAL polypeptides for therapeutic and industrial purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL; also referred to as tyrase, L-tyrosine ammonia lyase, and “L-tyrosine ammonia lyase [trans-p-hyroxycinnamate forming]”), along with histidine ammonia lyase (HAL) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) are members of the aromatic amino acid lyase family (EC 4.3.1.23-1.25 and 4.3.1.3). The enzymes having TAL activity are currently classified in EC4.3.1.23 (previously classified as EC 4.3.1.5). TAL catalyzes the formation of p-coumaric acid from L-tyrosine.

Tyrosinemia (also referred to as “hereditary tyrosinemia,” and “hypertyrosinemia”) is a genetic disorder characterized by elevated blood levels of tyrosine, due to the deficiency of an enzyme required for the catabolism of tyrosine in the liver. If untreated, tyrosine and other metabolites accumulate in the tissues and organs of affected individuals, resulting in serious medical issues. Tyrosinemia is an inborn error of metabolism inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. There are three types of tyrosinemia, each caused by the deficiency of a different enzyme. Currently used treatment methods depend upon the type of tyrosinemia involved. A low protein diet is often used.

Type I tyrosinemia (also referred to as “FAH deficiency,” “fumaryl acetoacetase deficiency,” “fumaryl aceotacetate hydrolase deficiency,” “hereditary infantile tyrosinemia,” and “hepatorenal tyrosinemia”) is caused by a deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, due to mutations in the fah gene. This is the most severe form of the disease, with symptoms usually appearing in the first few months of life, commonly including failure to thrive, diarrhea, bloody stools, vomiting, jaundice, enlarged liver, the tendency to easily bruise, lethargy, irritability, fever, and other symptoms, such as a distinctive cabbage-like odor of the skin and urine. Some affected infants have repeated neurologic episodes of acute polyneuropathy, characterized by severe leg pain, as well as altered mental status, abdominal pain, and respiratory failure. Infants with the acute form are typically affected at birth and there is a rapid onset of symptoms that can lead to developmental delays, enlarged spleen, ascites, kidney disease, and blood clotting abnormalities. Untreated, it can lead to hepatic and renal failure, nervous system problems, and an increased risk of liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma). In some cases, hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are present. If untreated, this disease can be fatal. In the less-common chronic form, the symptoms exhibit a more gradual onset and tend to be less severe. Affected infants initially exhibit vomiting, diarrhea, enlarged liver and spleen, and failure to thrive. Eventually, progressive liver cirrhosis occurs, leading to chronic liver failure, developmental delays, and renal Fanconi syndrome (a rare kidney disorder characterized by weakening and softening of the bones [rickets], vomiting, dehydration, weakness, and fever). In some cases, the most effective treatment has been full or partial liver transplant. Worldwide, this form affects approximately 1 in 100,000 human births (Genetics Home Reference, U.S. National Library of Medicine).

Type II tyrosinemia (also referred to as “keratosis palmoplantaris-corneal dystrophy,” oculocutaneous tyrosinemia,” “Richner-Hanhart syndrome,” “tyrosinemia due to TAT deficiency,” and “tyrosinema due to tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency,”) is caused by a deficiency of tyrosine aminotransferase, due to mutations in the tat gene. It affects the eyes, skin, and mental development. As with Type 1 tyrosinemia, symptoms usually begin in early life, and include excessive tearing, photophobia, eye pain and redness, and painful skin lesions on the palms and soles. About half of affected individuals have some level of intellectual disability. This form occurs in less than 1 in 250,000 persons (Genetics Home Reference, supra).

Type III tyrosinemia (also referred to as “tyrosinemia due to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase deficiency,” “tyrosinemia due to 4-hydroxyphenylpyuriv acid oxidase deficiency,” and “tyrosinemia due to HPD deficiency”) is a rare disorder, caused by a deficiency of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, due to mutations in the hpd gene. Symptoms of this form include intellectual disability, seizures, and intermittent ataxia. This form is very rare, only a few cases have been reported (Genetics Home Reference, supra).

There are additional cases in which there are temporary elevated tyrosine levels, due to non-genetic factors such as vitamin C deficiency or premature birth, which results in immature liver enzymes. Differential diagnoses are used to differentiate these transient cases from tyrosinema I, II, or III.

In addition to tyrosinema, there are other diseases associated with insufficient or absent tyrosine metabolism. For example, alkaptonuria also referred to as alcaptonuria, is a disease caused by deficiency of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which is an enzyme involved in tyrosine degradation. This enzyme is encoded by the HGD gene. Insufficient activity of this enzyme results in the accumulation of homogentisic acid. Excess homogentisic acid and related compounds are deposited in connective tissues, causing the cartilage and skin to darken. Over time, arthritis may result due to the accumulation of homogentisic acid and related metabolites in the joints of affected individuals. Homogentisic acid is also excreted in urine, making the urine turn black. Alkaptonuria is a rare disease that affects 1 in 250,000 to 1,000,000 people worldwide (See, Genetics Home Reference, supra).

Treatment of these diseases has largely been the life-long use of a methionine-, phenylalanine-, and tyrosine-restricted diet. Treatment with nitisinone (NTBC; 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzol)-1,3-cyclohexane dione; Orfadin®) has been reported to be helpful for type I tyrosinemia and alkaptonuria, due to its inhibition of the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase pathway. However, NTBC must be used in combination with a challenging and costly methionine-, phenylalanine-, and tyrosine-restricted diet to prevent both liver failure and carcinogenesis. There remains a need in the art for easy to administer, effective treatment(s) to ameliorate the symptoms of these diseases and allow patients to utilize normal diets.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides engineered tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) polypeptides and compositions thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides have been optimized to provide enhanced catalytic activity while reducing sensitivity to proteolysis and increasing tolerance to acidic pH levels. The invention also provides methods for utilization of the compositions comprising the engineered TAL polypeptides for therapeutic and industrial purposes.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides engineered TAL polypeptides (also referred to herein as “recombinant TAL polypeptides”) and biologically active fragments and analogs thereof having improved properties when compared to a wild-type TAL enzyme and/or a reference TAL polypeptide under essentially the same conditions. The invention is further directed to methods of using the engineered TAL polypeptides and biologically active fragments and analogs thereof in therapeutic and/or industrial compositions.

The present invention provides recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyases and/or biologically active recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase fragments comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 8 10, 12, and/or 14.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyases comprising at least one mutation at position 18, 47, 54, 59, 64, 73, 77, 88, 91, 93, 95, 97, 107, 108, 214, 219, 222, 253, 304, 307, 315, 364, 367, 389, 394, 396, 400, 401, 423, 447, 453, 462, 490, 500, 503, 521, 550, 554, 564, and/or 565, wherein the positions are numbered with reference to SEQ ID NO:4, 6, 8 10, 12, and/or 14. In some additional embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase comprises at least one mutation in at least one position selected from S73, 177, A88, V91, 593, E95, A97, L108, L219, M222, D253, Y304, G307, S315, L364, Y367, Q389, A394, P396, N400, G401, 1423, A447, N453, A462, R490, A500, A550, and/or P564, wherein the positions are numbered with reference to SEQ ID NO:10. In some further embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase comprises at least one mutation selected from S731, 177M, A88S, V91R, S93L/P/R/T/W, E95D, A97T, L108C, L219M, M222T, D253G, Y304F, G307P/H, S315A, L364H/M/Y, Y367F, Q389T, A394V, P396Q, N400M/T, G401C/L, I423F, A447T, N453C, A462T, R490T, A500S, A550V, P564S, wherein the positions are numbered with reference to SEQ ID NO:10. In some yet additional embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase comprises a substitution set selected from I77M/V91R/S93R/A97T/Q389T/N400M; I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/A97T/M222T/R490T; I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T; I77M/S315A/N453C/A462T; I77M/Q389T; I77M/L364M/N453C; I77M/Q389T/N400M; I77M/A88S/V91R/S93P/M222T/S315A/L364Y/Q389T/N400T/N453C; I77M/M222T/S315A/L364Y/N400M; I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/L364M/N453C; I77M/M222T/S315A/Q389T/N400M; I77M/E95D; I77M/S93L/E95D/M222T/N400T; I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M; I77M/S315A/N400T; I77M/M222T/Q389T; I77M/S315A/L364M; I77M/S93W/S315A/L364M; I77M/S93R/E95D/M222T/S315A/N400M; I77M/Q389T/N400T; I77M/S315A/Y367F/N400M/N453C; I77M/V91R/S93R/E95D/A97T/M222T/N453C; I77M/L364M/Q389T/N400M; I77M/S93L/A97T/N400M/N453C/R490T; I77M/M222T/L364H; I77M/S315A/L364M/R490T; I77M/S93W/S315A/Q389T; I77M/S93W/A97T/S315A; I77M/S93R/E95D/A97T/R490T/P564S; I77M/S93R/E95D/S315A/L364Y/N453C; I77M/M222T/L364M/N400T/N453C; I77M/M222T/N400T; I77M/S315A/R490T; I77M/L364H/N400M/R490T; I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N453C; I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/A97T; I77M/E95D/Q389T/N400M/N453C; I77M/S93W/S315A/Q389T/N400T; I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C; I77M/L364M/N400T; I77M/L364M/N400T/R490T; I77M/M222T/S315A; I77M/L108C/S315A/L364M/N400M; I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/R490T; I77M/S93R/E95D/M222T/L364M/A550V; I77M/V91R/S93R/L108C/M222T/S315A/L364Y/N400M; I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/A97T/L108C/M222T/L364M/Q389T; I77M/V91R/S93L/S315A; I77M/A88S/S93R/S315A/N400T; I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400T/N453C; I77M/S93L/S315A/N400M; I77M/L364H; I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/A97T/S315A/Q389T; I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/S315A/L364M/N453C/R490T; I77M/L364M/Q389T; I77M/S315A/Q389T; I77M/S93L/E95D/S315A; I77M/L108C/L219M/S315A/Q389T/N400M; I77M/L364M/R490T; I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/S315A/Q389T; I77M/S93L/E95D/M222T/N400M; I77M/L108C/M222T/S315A/N400M; I77M/N400M/N453C; I77M/S93P/E95D/S315A/N400M; I77M/V91R/S93W/L108C/L364M/Q389T/N400T/N453C; I77M/L364M; I77M/V91R/S93L/M222T/N400M; I77M/S93L/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400T; I77M/S93P/E95D/L108C/S315A/R490T; 177M/L108C/M222T/S315A/R490T; I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/M222T/S315A/L364H/N400M; I77M/M222T; I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400T; I77M/S315A/L364M/N453C; I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/A97T; I77M/M222T/S315A/N400T/I423F; I77M/L108C/S315A/N400M/R490T; 177M/S93R/A97T/S315A; I77M/V91R/S93R/E95D/S315A/N400M; I77M/L364M/Q389T/A394V/N400M; I77M/S315A/L364M/N400T/A447T; I77M/S93W/N400T; I77M/M222T/S315A/R490T; I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/A97T/M222T/S315A/L364M/N400T; I77M/L364H/N400M/R490T; I77M/Q389T/N453C; I77M/N400T; I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; I77M/S315A/L364H/N453C; I77M/L364H/N400M; I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M; I77M/L364M/N400M; I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C/R490T; I77M/S315A; I77M/L108C/S315A/L364Y/Q389T; I77M/A88S/S93W/A97T/L108C/S315A/L364Y/N400T; I77M/S315A/N453C/R490T; I77M/E95D/L364M; I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/L108C/M222T/R490T; I77M/L364H/Q389T/N400M/N453C; I77M/S93L/A97T/S315A/N400M; I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/M222T/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N453C; I77M/E95D/A97T/S315A/N400M; I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400T/R490T; I77M/E95D/S315A/Q389T/A500S; I77M/A97T; I77M/L108C/S315A/L364M; I77M/M222T/L364M; I77M/R490T; I77M/M222T/S315A/N400M; I77M/M222T/Q389T/N453C; I77M/V91R/S93R/Q389T; I77M/V91R/S93W/A97T/S315A/N453C; I77M/N400M; I77M/N453C; I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M; I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/S315A/N400M; I77M/E95D/L364H/N400M; I77M/S93R/L364M/Q389T/N453C; I77M/E95D/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M; I77M/V91R/S93L/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; I77M/S315A/N400M; I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/N400M; I77M/A88S/E95D/A153V/S315A/P396Q/N400T/N453C; I77M/V91R/S93L/A97T/S315A/N400M/N453C; I77M/L108C/L364M/Q389T/N400T, F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/T54K/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/V554I; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/G59R/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/G59R/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/S491/T54K/S73K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/S73K/I77M/N193D/R305M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/R305M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/G59R/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/C64S/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/T54K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/R305M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/G59R/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/H250N/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/R305M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/T54K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/R305M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/R305M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/S73K/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/L392Q/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/T54K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/T54K/G59R/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; G59R/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; 177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/G59R/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/T46N/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/M370Q/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; L47A/G59R/I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/G59R/S73K/177M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/177M/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; 177M/Y160P/S315A/L364M/M372S/Q389T/N400M/N453C; 177M/S175A/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; 177M/Y160P/S315A/Q336V/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; 177M/Y160P/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/V484A, wherein the positions are numbered with reference to SEQ ID NO:10.

In some embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine lyase variant comprises at least one variant selected from Variant No. 1 through Variant No. 294. In some embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine lyase variant consists of a recombinant tyrosine lyase variant selected from Variant No. 1 through Variant No. 294. In some embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine lyase is selected from Variant No. 4 through Variant No. 294.

In some embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyases are Anabaena variabilis enzymes. In some additional embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyases comprise the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, 12, and/or 14.

In some additional embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is thermostable. In some further embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is resistant to proteolysis. In some embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is resistant to at least one digestive tract protease. In some additional embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is resistant to chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidases, and/or elastases. In some further embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is acid stable. In some embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is a deimmunized tyrosine ammonia lyase. In some additional embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is purified.

In still some further embodiments, the recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase exhibits at least one improved property selected from: i) enhanced catalytic activity; ii) reduced sensitivity to proteolysis; iii) increased tolerance to acidic pH; iv) reduced aggregation; v) decreased Km for tyrosine; vi) reduced immunogenicity; or a combination of any of i), ii), iii), iv), v) and/or vi), as compared to a reference sequence. In some embodiments, the reference sequence is SEQ ID NO:8, 10, 12, or 14.

The present invention also provides compositions comprising at least one recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase provided herein.

The present invention also provides recombinant polynucleotide sequences encoding at least one recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase, as provided herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence is codon-optimized. In some embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotide sequence is operably linked to a control sequence. In some embodiments, the control sequence is a promoter. In some additional embodiments, the promoter is a heterologous promoter.

The present invention also provides vectors comprising at least one recombinant polynucleotide sequence, as provided herein. In some embodiments, vector is an expression vector wherein the recombinant polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is operably linked to a control sequence. In some additional embodiments, the control sequence is a promoter. In some additional embodiments, the promoter is a heterologous promoter.

The present invention also provides host cells comprising at least one expression vector comprising at least one polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase. In some embodiments, the host cell is prokaryotic, wherein is some alternative embodiments, the host cell is eukaryotic.

The present invention also provides methods of producing a tyrosine ammonia lyase variant, comprising culturing the host cell under conditions that said tyrosine ammonia lyase encoded by the recombinant polynucleotide is produced. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise the step of recovering the tyrosine ammonia lyase. In some further embodiments, the methods further comprise the step of purifying the tyrosine ammonia lyase.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of tyrosinemia, comprising an enzyme composition comprising at least one recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions further comprise at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient. In some additional embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for oral administration to a human. In some further embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a pill, tablet, capsule, gelcap, liquid, or emulsion. In some still additional embodiments, the pill, tablet, capsule, or gelcap further comprises an enteric coating. In some additional embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is coadministered with nitisone. In some further embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises nitisinone. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for parenteral injection into a human.

The present invention also provides methods for treating and/or preventing the symptoms of tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria in a subject, comprising providing a subject having tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria, and providing at least one pharmaceutical composition as provided herein to said subject. In some embodiments, the symptoms of tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria are ameliorated. In some further embodiments, the treated subject is able to eat a diet that is less restricted in its methionine, phenylalanine and/or tyrosine content than diets required by subjects exhibiting the symptoms of tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria. In some embodiments, the subject is an infant or child, while in some alternative embodiments, the subject is an adult or young adult.

The present invention also provides methods for the production of L-tyrosine and/or L-tyrosine derivatives comprising the steps of providing at least one recombinant TAL variant and a suitable substrate, and combining the TAL variant(s) and said substrate under conditions such that L-tyrosine and/or at least one L-tyrosine derivative is produced.

The present invention also provides methods for the production of coumaric acid, comprising the steps of providing at least one recombinant TAL variant and a suitable substrate, and combining said TAL variant(s) and said substrate under conditions such that coumaric acid is produced.

The present invention also provides methods for the resolution of racemic tyrosine and/or tyrosine derivatives to synthesize D-tyrosine and/or at least one D-tyrosine derivative, comprising the steps of providing at least one recombinant TAL variant and a racemic mixture of tyrosine and/or tyrosine derivatives, combining the TAL variant(s) and said racemic tyrosine and/or racemic tyrosine derivatives under conditions such that D-tyrosine and/or D-tyrosine derivative is produced.

The present invention also provides methods for the conversion of alpha tyrosine and/or its derivatives to beta tyrosine and/or its derivatives, comprising the steps of providing at least one recombinant TAL variant and a composition comprising alpha tyrosine and/or its derivatives, combining the TAL variant(s) and alpha tyrosine and/or its derivatives under conditions such that beta tyrosine and/or beta tyrosine derivative is/are produced.

The present invention also provides use of the enzyme compositions and pharmaceutical compositions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides a graph showing the activity of WT AvPAL and AvPAL variants (i.e., TAL variants) on phenylalanine.

FIG. 2 provides a graph showing the activity of WT AvPAL and AvPAL variants (i.e., TAL variants) on tyrosine.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides engineered tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) polypeptides and compositions thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides have been optimized to provide enhanced catalytic activity while reducing sensitivity to proteolysis. The invention also provides methods for utilization of the compositions comprising the engineered TAL polypeptides for therapeutic and industrial purposes.

Abbreviations and Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures of cell culture, molecular genetics, microbiology, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry and nucleic acid chemistry described below are those well-known and commonly employed in the art. Such techniques are well-known and described in numerous texts and reference works well known to those of skill in the art. Standard techniques, or modifications thereof, are used for chemical syntheses and chemical analyses. All patents, patent applications, articles and publications mentioned herein, both supra and infra, are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Although any suitable methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein find use in the practice of the present invention, some methods and materials are described herein. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described, as these may vary, depending upon the context they are used by those of skill in the art. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully described by reference to the application as a whole. All patents, patent applications, articles and publications mentioned herein, both supra and infra, are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Also, as used herein, the singular “a”, “an,” and “the” include the plural references, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Thus, every numerical range disclosed herein is intended to encompass every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein. It is also intended that every maximum (or minimum) numerical limitation disclosed herein includes every lower (or higher) numerical limitation, as if such lower (or higher) numerical limitations were expressly written herein.

The term “about” means an acceptable error for a particular value. In some instances “about” means within 0.05%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0%, of a given value range. In some instances, “about” means within 1, 2, 3, or 4 standard deviations of a given value. In some instances, “about” encompasses values that are within 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, or 10% of a given value.

Furthermore, the headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of the invention which can be had by reference to the application as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the application as a whole. Nonetheless, in order to facilitate understanding of the invention, a number of terms are defined below.

Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively.

As used herein, the term “comprising” and its cognates are used in their inclusive sense (i.e., equivalent to the term “including” and its corresponding cognates).

“EC” number refers to the Enzyme Nomenclature of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB). The IUBMB biochemical classification is a numerical classification system for enzymes based on the chemical reactions they catalyze.

“ATCC” refers to the American Type Culture Collection whose biorepository collection includes genes and strains.

“NCBI” refers to National Center for Biological Information and the sequence databases provided therein.

As used herein, the terms “tyrosine ammonia-lyase” “tyrosine ammonia lyase,” “tyrosine ammonia lyase polypeptide” and “TAL” refer to a class of enzymes within the aromatic amino acid lyase family (EC 4.3.1.23, EC 4.3.1.24 and EC4.3.1.25) which also includes histidine ammonia-lyase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.

“Protein,” “polypeptide,” and “peptide” are used interchangeably herein to denote a polymer of at least two amino acids covalently linked by an amide bond, regardless of length or post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation or phosphorylation).

“Amino acids” are referred to herein by either their commonly known three-letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single letter codes.

The term “engineered,” “recombinant,” “non-naturally occurring,” and “variant,” when used with reference to a cell, a polynucleotide or a polypeptide refers to a material or a material corresponding to the natural or native form of the material that has been modified in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature or is identical thereto but produced or derived from synthetic materials and/or by manipulation using recombinant techniques.

As used herein, “wild-type” and “naturally-occurring” refer to the form found in nature. For example a wild-type polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence is a sequence present in an organism that can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by human manipulation.

“Deimmunized” as used herein, refers to the manipulation of a protein to create a variant that is not as immunogenic as the wild-type or reference protein. In some embodiments, the deimmunization is complete, in that the variant protein does not stimulate an immune response in patients to whom the variant protein is administered. This response can be measured by various methods including but not limited to, the presence or abundance of anti-drug antibodies, the presence or abundance of neutralizing antibodies, the presence of an anaphylactic response, or the prevalence or intensity of cytokine release upon administration of the protein. In some embodiments, the variant protein is less immunogenic than the wild-type or reference protein. In some embodiments, deimmunization involves modifications to proteins (e.g., epitopes) that are recognized by T-cell receptors. In some embodiments, the T-cell epitopes are removed from a wild-type or reference protein in order to produce a deimmunized variant protein. In some embodiments, the deimmunized protein shows lower levels of response in biochemical and cell-biological predictors of human immunological responses including dendritic-cell T-cell activation assays, or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) peptide binding assays.

“Coding sequence” refers to that part of a nucleic acid (e.g., a gene) that encodes an amino acid sequence of a protein.

The term “percent (%) sequence identity” is used herein to refer to comparisons among polynucleotides and polypeptides, and are determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage may be calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Alternatively, the percentage may be calculated by determining the number of positions at which either the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences or a nucleic acid base or amino acid residue is aligned with a gap to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Those of skill in the art appreciate that there are many established algorithms available to align two sequences. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math., 2:482 [1981]), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol., 48:443 [1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman (Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 [1988]), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (e.g., GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the GCG Wisconsin Software Package), or by visual inspection, as known in the art. Examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity include, but are not limited to the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described by Altschul et al. (See, Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410 [1990]; and Altschul et al., 1977, Nucleic Acids Res., 3389-3402 [1977], respectively). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information website. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as, the neighborhood word score threshold (See, Altschul et al, supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (See, Henikoff and Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915 [1989]). Exemplary determination of sequence alignment and % sequence identity can employ the BESTFIT or GAP programs in the GCG Wisconsin Software package (Accelrys, Madison Wis.), using default parameters provided.

“Reference sequence” refers to a defined sequence used as a basis for a sequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence, for example, a segment of a full-length gene or polypeptide sequence. Generally, a reference sequence is at least 20 nucleotide or amino acid residues in length, at least 25 residues in length, at least 50 residues in length, at least 100 residues in length or the full length of the nucleic acid or polypeptide. Since two polynucleotides or polypeptides may each (1) comprise a sequence (i.e., a portion of the complete sequence) that is similar between the two sequences, and (2) may further comprise a sequence that is divergent between the two sequences, sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides or polypeptide are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two polynucleotides or polypeptides over a “comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. In some embodiments, a “reference sequence” can be based on a primary amino acid sequence, where the reference sequence is a sequence that can have one or more changes in the primary sequence.

“Comparison window” refers to a conceptual segment of at least about 20 contiguous nucleotide positions or amino acids residues wherein a sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides or amino acids and wherein the portion of the sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison window can be longer than 20 contiguous residues, and includes, optionally 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer windows.

“Corresponding to”, “reference to” or “relative to” when used in the context of the numbering of a given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence refers to the numbering of the residues of a specified reference sequence when the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence is compared to the reference sequence. In other words, the residue number or residue position of a given polymer is designated with respect to the reference sequence rather than by the actual numerical position of the residue within the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence. For example, a given amino acid sequence, such as that of an engineered TAL, can be aligned to a reference sequence by introducing gaps to optimize residue matches between the two sequences. In these cases, although the gaps are present, the numbering of the residue in the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence is made with respect to the reference sequence to which it has been aligned.

“Amino acid difference” or “residue difference” refers to a difference in the amino acid residue at a position of a polypeptide sequence relative to the amino acid residue at a corresponding position in a reference sequence. The positions of amino acid differences generally are referred to herein as “Xn,” where n refers to the corresponding position in the reference sequence upon which the residue difference is based. For example, a “residue difference at position X93 as compared to SEQ ID NO:10” refers to a difference of the amino acid residue at the polypeptide position corresponding to position 93 of SEQ ID NO:10. Thus, if the reference polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:10 has a serine at position 93, then a “residue difference at position X93 as compared to SEQ ID NO:10” an amino acid substitution of any residue other than serine at the position of the polypeptide corresponding to position 93 of SEQ ID NO:10. In most instances herein, the specific amino acid residue difference at a position is indicated as “XnY” where “Xn” specified the corresponding position as described above, and “Y” is the single letter identifier of the amino acid found in the engineered polypeptide (i.e., the different residue than in the reference polypeptide). In some instances (e.g., in Table 4-1), the present disclosure also provides specific amino acid differences denoted by the conventional notation “AnB”, where A is the single letter identifier of the residue in the reference sequence, “n” is the number of the residue position in the reference sequence, and B is the single letter identifier of the residue substitution in the sequence of the engineered polypeptide. In some instances, a polypeptide of the present disclosure can include one or more amino acid residue differences relative to a reference sequence, which is indicated by a list of the specified positions where residue differences are present relative to the reference sequence. In some embodiments, where more than one amino acid can be used in a specific residue position of a polypeptide, the various amino acid residues that can be used are separated by a “/” (e.g., X307H/X307P or X307H/P). The present application includes engineered polypeptide sequences comprising one or more amino acid differences that include either/or both conservative and non-conservative amino acid substitutions.

“Conservative amino acid substitution” refers to a substitution of a residue with a different residue having a similar side chain, and thus typically involves substitution of the amino acid in the polypeptide with amino acids within the same or similar defined class of amino acids. By way of example and not limitation, an amino acid with an aliphatic side chain may be substituted with another aliphatic amino acid (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine); an amino acid with hydroxyl side chain is substituted with another amino acid with a hydroxyl side chain (e.g., serine and threonine); an amino acids having aromatic side chains is substituted with another amino acid having an aromatic side chain (e.g., phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine); an amino acid with a basic side chain is substituted with another amino acid with a basis side chain (e.g., lysine and arginine); an amino acid with an acidic side chain is substituted with another amino acid with an acidic side chain (e.g., aspartic acid or glutamic acid); and/or a hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acid is replaced with another hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acid, respectively.

“Non-conservative substitution” refers to substitution of an amino acid in the polypeptide with an amino acid with significantly differing side chain properties. Non-conservative substitutions may use amino acids between, rather than within, the defined groups and affects (a) the structure of the peptide backbone in the area of the substitution (e.g., proline for glycine) (b) the charge or hydrophobicity, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. By way of example and not limitation, an exemplary non-conservative substitution can be an acidic amino acid substituted with a basic or aliphatic amino acid; an aromatic amino acid substituted with a small amino acid; and a hydrophilic amino acid substituted with a hydrophobic amino acid.

“Deletion” refers to modification to the polypeptide by removal of one or more amino acids from the reference polypeptide. Deletions can comprise removal of 1 or more amino acids, 2 or more amino acids, 5 or more amino acids, 10 or more amino acids, 15 or more amino acids, or 20 or more amino acids, up to 10% of the total number of amino acids, or up to 20% of the total number of amino acids making up the reference enzyme while retaining enzymatic activity and/or retaining the improved properties of an engineered transaminase enzyme. Deletions can be directed to the internal portions and/or terminal portions of the polypeptide. In various embodiments, the deletion can comprise a continuous segment or can be discontinuous.

“Insertion” refers to modification to the polypeptide by addition of one or more amino acids from the reference polypeptide. Insertions can be in the internal portions of the polypeptide, or to the carboxy or amino terminus. Insertions as used herein include fusion proteins as is known in the art. The insertion can be a contiguous segment of amino acids or separated by one or more of the amino acids in the naturally occurring polypeptide.

A “functional fragment” or a “biologically active fragment” used interchangeably herein refers to a polypeptide that has an amino-terminal and/or carboxy-terminal deletion(s) and/or internal deletions, but where the remaining amino acid sequence is identical to the corresponding positions in the sequence to which it is being compared (e.g., a full-length engineered TAL of the present invention) and that retains substantially all of the activity of the full-length polypeptide.

“Isolated polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide which is substantially separated from other contaminants that naturally accompany it, e.g., protein, lipids, and polynucleotides. The term embraces polypeptides which have been removed or purified from their naturally-occurring environment or expression system (e.g., host cell or in vitro synthesis). The recombinant TAL polypeptides may be present within a cell, present in the cellular medium, or prepared in various forms, such as lysates or isolated preparations. As such, in some embodiments, the recombinant TAL polypeptides can be an isolated polypeptide.

“Substantially pure polypeptide” refers to a composition in which the polypeptide species is the predominant species present (i.e., on a molar or weight basis it is more abundant than any other individual macromolecular species in the composition), and is generally a substantially purified composition when the object species comprises at least about 50 percent of the macromolecular species present by mole or % weight. Generally, a substantially pure TAL composition comprises about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, and about 98% or more of all macromolecular species by mole or % weight present in the composition. In some embodiments, the object species is purified to essential homogeneity (i.e., contaminant species cannot be detected in the composition by conventional detection methods) wherein the composition consists essentially of a single macromolecular species. Solvent species, small molecules (<500 Daltons), and elemental ion species are not considered macromolecular species. In some embodiments, the isolated recombinant TAL polypeptides are substantially pure polypeptide compositions.

“Improved enzyme property” refers to an engineered TAL polypeptide that exhibits an improvement in any enzyme property as compared to a reference TAL polypeptide and/or as a wild-type PAL polypeptide (e.g., the wild-type AvPAL of SEQ ID NO:4) or another engineered TAL polypeptide. Improved properties include but are not limited to such properties as increased protein expression, increased thermoactivity, increased thermostability, increased pH activity, increased stability, increased enzymatic activity, increased substrate specificity or affinity, increased specific activity, increased resistance to substrate or end-product inhibition, increased chemical stability, improved chemoselectivity, improved solvent stability, increased tolerance to acidic pH, increased tolerance to proteolytic activity (i.e., reduced sensitivity to proteolysis), reduced aggregation, increased solubility, reduced immunogenicity, and altered temperature profile.

“Increased enzymatic activity” or “enhanced catalytic activity” refers to an improved property of the engineered TAL polypeptides, which can be represented by an increase in specific activity (e.g., product produced/time/weight protein) or an increase in percent conversion of the substrate to the product (e.g., percent conversion of starting amount of substrate to product in a specified time period using a specified amount of TAL) as compared to the reference TAL enzyme. Exemplary methods to determine enzyme activity are provided in the Examples. Any property relating to enzyme activity may be affected, including the classical enzyme properties of K_(m), V_(max) or k_(cat), changes of which can lead to increased enzymatic activity. Improvements in enzyme activity can be from about 1.1 fold the enzymatic activity of the corresponding wild-type enzyme, to as much as 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 200-fold or more enzymatic activity than the naturally occurring TAL or another engineered TAL from which the TAL polypeptides were derived.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides have a k_(cat), of at least 0.1/sec, at least 0.2/sec, at least 0.3/sec, at least 0.5/sec, at least 1.0/sec and in some preferred embodiments greater than 1.0/sec. In some embodiments, the K_(m) is in the range of about 1 μm to about 5 mM; in the range of about 5 μm to about 2 mM; in the range of about 10 μm to about 2 mM; or in the range of about 10 μm to about 1 mM. In some specific embodiments, the engineered TAL enzyme exhibits improved enzymatic activity in the range of 1.5 to 10 fold, 1.5 to 25 fold, 1.5 to 50 fold, 1.5 to 100 fold or greater than that of a reference TAL enzyme (e.g., a wild-type TAL or any other reference TAL). TAL activity can be measured by any suitable method known in the art (e.g., standard assays, such as monitoring changes in spectrophotometric properties of reactants or products). In some embodiments, the amount of products produced can be measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) separation combined with UV absorbance or fluorescent detection directly or following o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) derivatization. In some embodiments, other methods are used, such as tracking the coumarate product (e.g., use UV absorbance to track its production at 290 nm or 310 nm). In some other embodiments, the production of ammonia is assayed using commercially available kits (e.g., the Megazyme rapid ammonia assay kit [Megazyme International, Wicklow, Ireland]). Comparisons of enzyme activities are made using a defined preparation of enzyme, a defined assay under a set condition, and one or more defined substrates, as further described in detail herein. Generally, when lysates are compared, the numbers of cells and the amount of protein assayed are determined as well as use of identical expression systems and identical host cells to minimize variations in amount of enzyme produced by the host cells and present in the lysates.

The terms “thermally stable” and “thermostable” refer to enzymes of the present invention that retain a specified amount of enzymatic activity, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure after exposure to an identified temperatures over a given period of time under conditions prevailing during the use of the enzyme, for example, when exposed to altered temperatures. “Altered temperatures” include increased or decreased temperatures. In some embodiments, the enzymes retain at least about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 92%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99% enzymatic activity after exposure to altered temperatures over a given time period, for example, at least about 60 minutes, about 120 minutes, about 180 minutes, about 240 minutes, about 300 minutes, etc.

The term “improved tolerance to acidic pH” means that a recombinant TAL according to the invention will have increased stability (higher retained activity at about pH 7.0 after exposure to acidic pH for a specified period of time (1 hour, up to 24 hours)) as compared to a reference TAL or another enzyme.

“Physiological pH” as used herein means the pH range generally found in a subject's (e.g., human) small intestine. There normally is a pH gradient from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine from about 5.0 to 7.5.

The term “acidic pH” (e.g., used with reference to improved stability to acidic pH conditions or increased tolerance to acidic pH) means a pH range of about 1.5 to 6.8.

The terms “proteolytic activity” and “proteolysis” used interchangeably herein refer to the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. The breakdown of proteins is generally the result of hydrolysis of the peptide bond by protease (proteinase) enzymes. Protease enzymes include but are not limited to pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A and B, peptidases (e.g., amino peptidase, dipeptidase and enteropeptidase).

The phrases “reducing sensitivity to proteolysis” and “reducing proteolytic sensitivity” used interchangeably herein mean that an engineered TAL polypeptide according to the invention will have a higher enzyme activity compared to a reference TAL and/or another enzyme in a standard assay after treatment with one or more proteases. Exemplary assays are provided in the Examples.

“Aggregation” means clumping or precipitation of a TAL polypeptide. Aggregation can lead to inactivation, and/or increased immunogenicity of the enzyme. The term “reduced aggregation” means an engineered TAL polypeptide will be less prone to aggregation or to aggregate than a reference TAL and/or another enzyme. Methods for determining Aggregation can be determined by one of general skill in the art by using any number of assays including but not limited to fluorescent microscopy with appropriate dyes (e.g., thioflavin T or Nile Red), dynamic light scattering, flow cytometry with appropriate dyes (e.g. Bodipy), filtration and analysis by SDS-PAGE or Western blotting, fluorescent correlation spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. There are commercially available kits to assess aggregation (e.g., the ProteoStat® Protein Aggregation Assay kit [Enzo]).

“Conversion” refers to the enzymatic conversion (or biotransformation) of a substrate(s) to the corresponding product(s). “Percent conversion” refers to the percent of the substrate that is converted to the product within a period of time under specified conditions. Thus, the “enzymatic activity” or “activity” of a TAL polypeptide can be expressed as “percent conversion” of the substrate to the product in a specific period of time.

“Hybridization stringency” relates to hybridization conditions, such as washing conditions, in the hybridization of nucleic acids. Generally, hybridization reactions are performed under conditions of lower stringency, followed by washes of varying but higher stringency. The term “moderately stringent hybridization” refers to conditions that permit target-DNA to bind a complementary nucleic acid that has about 60% identity, preferably about 75% identity, about 85% identity to the target DNA, with greater than about 90% identity to target-polynucleotide. Exemplary moderately stringent conditions are conditions equivalent to hybridization in 50% formamide, 5×Denhart's solution, 5×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42° C., followed by washing in 0.2×SSPE, 0.2% SDS, at 42° C. “High stringency hybridization” refers generally to conditions that are about 10° C. or less from the thermal melting temperature T_(m) as determined under the solution condition for a defined polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a high stringency condition refers to conditions that permit hybridization of only those nucleic acid sequences that form stable hybrids in 0.018M NaCl at 65° C. (i.e., if a hybrid is not stable in 0.018M NaCl at 65° C., it will not be stable under high stringency conditions, as contemplated herein). High stringency conditions can be provided, for example, by hybridization in conditions equivalent to 50% formamide, 5×Denhart's solution, 5×SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42° C., followed by washing in 0.1×SSPE, and 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Another high stringency condition is hybridizing in conditions equivalent to hybridizing in 5×SSC containing 0.1% (w:v) SDS at 65° C. and washing in 0.1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Other high stringency hybridization conditions, as well as moderately stringent conditions, are described in the references cited above.

“Codon optimized” refers to changes in the codons of the polynucleotide encoding a protein to those preferentially used in a particular organism such that the encoded protein is more efficiently expressed in the organism of interest. Although the genetic code is degenerate in that most amino acids are represented by several codons, called “synonyms” or “synonymous” codons, it is well known that codon usage by particular organisms is nonrandom and biased towards particular codon triplets. This codon usage bias may be higher in reference to a given gene, genes of common function or ancestral origin, highly expressed proteins versus low copy number proteins, and the aggregate protein coding regions of an organism's genome. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides encoding the TAL enzymes may be codon optimized for optimal production from the host organism selected for expression.

“Control sequence” refers herein to include all components, which are necessary or advantageous for the expression of a polynucleotide and/or polypeptide of the present application. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, promoter sequence, signal peptide sequence, initiation sequence and transcription terminator. At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The control sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose of introducing specific restriction sites facilitating ligation of the control sequences with the coding region of the nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide.

“Operably linked” is defined herein as a configuration in which a control sequence is appropriately placed (i.e., in a functional relationship) at a position relative to a polynucleotide of interest such that the control sequence directs or regulates the expression of the polynucleotide and/or polypeptide of interest.

“Promoter sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is recognized by a host cell for expression of a polynucleotide of interest, such as a coding sequence. The promoter sequence contains transcriptional control sequences, which mediate the expression of a polynucleotide of interest. The promoter may be any nucleic acid sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.

“Suitable reaction conditions” refers to those conditions in the enzymatic conversion reaction solution (e.g., ranges of enzyme loading, substrate loading, temperature, pH, buffers, co-solvents, etc.) under which a TAL polypeptide of the present application is capable of converting a substrate to the desired product compound, Exemplary “suitable reaction conditions” are provided in the present application and illustrated by the Examples. “Loading”, such as in “compound loading” or “enzyme loading” refers to the concentration or amount of a component in a reaction mixture at the start of the reaction. “Substrate” in the context of an enzymatic conversion reaction process refers to the compound or molecule acted on by the TAL polypeptide. “Product” in the context of an enzymatic conversion process refers to the compound or molecule resulting from the action of the TAL polypeptide on a substrate.

As used herein the term “culturing” refers to the growing of a population of microbial cells under any suitable conditions (e.g., using a liquid, gel or solid medium).

Recombinant polypeptides can be produced using any suitable methods known the art. Genes encoding the wild-type polypeptide of interest can be cloned in vectors, such as plasmids, and expressed in desired hosts, such as E. coli, etc. Variants of recombinant polypeptides can be generated by various methods known in the art. Indeed, there is a wide variety of different mutagenesis techniques well known to those skilled in the art. In addition, mutagenesis kits are also available from many commercial molecular biology suppliers. Methods are available to make specific substitutions at defined amino acids (site-directed), specific or random mutations in a localized region of the gene (regio-specific), or random mutagenesis over the entire gene (e.g., saturation mutagenesis). Numerous suitable methods are known to those in the art to generate enzyme variants, including but not limited to site-directed mutagenesis of single-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNA using PCR, cassette mutagenesis, gene synthesis, error-prone PCR, shuffling, and chemical saturation mutagenesis, or any other suitable method known in the art. Non-limiting examples of methods used for DNA and protein engineering are provided in the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,117,679; 6,420,175; 6,376,246; 6,586,182; 7,747,391; 7,747,393; 7,783,428; and 8,383,346. After the variants are produced, they can be screened for any desired property (e.g., high or increased activity, or low or reduced activity, increased thermal activity, increased thermal stability, and/or acidic pH stability, etc.). In some embodiments, “recombinant TAL polypeptides” (also referred to herein as “engineered TAL polypeptides,” “variant TAL enzymes,” and “TAL variants”) find use.

As used herein, a “vector” is a DNA construct for introducing a DNA sequence into a cell. In some embodiments, the vector is an expression vector that is operably linked to a suitable control sequence capable of effecting the expression in a suitable host of the polypeptide encoded in the DNA sequence. In some embodiments, an “expression vector” has a promoter sequence operably linked to the DNA sequence (e.g., transgene) to drive expression in a host cell, and in some embodiments, also comprises a transcription terminator sequence.

As used herein, the term “expression” includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification. In some embodiments, the term also encompasses secretion of the polypeptide from a cell.

As used herein, the term “produces” refers to the production of proteins and/or other compounds by cells. It is intended that the term encompass any step involved in the production of polypeptides including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification. In some embodiments, the term also encompasses secretion of the polypeptide from a cell.

As used herein, an amino acid or nucleotide sequence (e.g., a promoter sequence, signal peptide, terminator sequence, etc.) is “heterologous” to another sequence with which it is operably linked if the two sequences are not associated in nature.

As used herein, the terms “host cell” and “host strain” refer to suitable hosts for expression vectors comprising DNA provided herein (e.g., the polynucleotides encoding the TAL variants). In some embodiments, the host cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells that have been transformed or transfected with vectors constructed using recombinant DNA techniques as known in the art.

The term “analogue” means a polypeptide having more than 70% sequence identity but less than 100% sequence identity (e.g., more than 75%, 78%, 80%, 83%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% sequence identity) with a reference polypeptide. In some embodiments, analogues means polypeptides that contain one or more non-naturally occurring amino acid residues including, but not limited, to homoarginine, ornithine and norvaline, as well as naturally occurring amino acids. In some embodiments, analogues also include one or more D-amino acid residues and non-peptide linkages between two or more amino acid residues.

The term “therapeutic” refers to a compound administered to a subject who shows signs or symptoms of pathology having beneficial or desirable medical effects.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition suitable for pharmaceutical use in a mammalian subject (e.g., human) comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of an engineered TAL polypeptide encompassed by the invention and an acceptable carrier.

The term “effective amount” means an amount sufficient to produce the desired result. One of general skill in the art may determine what the effective amount by using routine experimentation.

The terms “isolated” and “purified” are used to refer to a molecule (e.g., an isolated nucleic acid, polypeptide, etc.) or other component that is removed from at least one other component with which it is naturally associated. The term “purified” does not require absolute purity, rather it is intended as a relative definition.

The term “subject” encompasses mammals such as humans, non-human primates, livestock, companion animals, and laboratory animals (e.g., rodents and lagamorphs). It is intended that the term encompass females as well as males.

As used herein, the term “patient” means any subject that is being assessed for, treated for, or is experiencing disease.

The term “infant” refers to a child in the period of the first month after birth to approximately one (1) year of age. As used herein, the term “newborn” refers to child in the period from birth to the 28^(th) day of life. The term “premature infant” refers to an infant born after the twentieth completed week of gestation, yet before full term, generally weighing ˜500 to ˜2499 grams at birth. A “very low birth weight infant” is an infant weighing less than 1500 g at birth.

As used herein, the term “child” refers to a person who has not attained the legal age for consent to treatment or research procedures. In some embodiments, the term refers to a person between the time of birth and adolescence.

As used herein, the term “adult” refers to a person who has attained legal age for the relevant jurisdiction (e.g., 18 years of age in the United States). In some embodiments, the term refers to any fully grown, mature organism. In some embodiments, the term “young adult” refers to a person less than 18 years of age, but who has reached sexual maturity.

As used herein, “composition” and “formulation” encompass products comprising at least one engineered TAL of the present invention, intended for any suitable use (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, dietary/nutritional supplements, feed, etc.).

The terms “administration” and “administering” a composition mean providing a composition of the present invention to a subject (e.g., to a person suffering from the effects of tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria).

The term “carrier” when used in reference to a pharmaceutical composition means any of the standard pharmaceutical carrier, buffers, and excipients, such as stabilizers, preservatives, and adjuvants.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means a material that can be administered to a subject without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components in which it is contained and that possesses the desired biological activity.

As used herein, the term “excipient” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable additive, carrier, diluent, adjuvant, or other ingredient, other than the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API; e.g., the engineered TAL polypeptides of the present invention). Excipients are typically included for formulation and/or administration purposes.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” when used in reference to symptoms of disease/condition refers to the amount and/or concentration of a compound (e.g., engineered TAL polypeptides) that ameliorates, attenuates, or eliminates one or more symptom of a disease/condition or prevents or delays the onset of symptom(s).

The term “therapeutically effective amount” when used in reference to a disease/condition refers to the amount and/or concentration of a composition (e.g., engineered TAL polypeptides) that ameliorates, attenuates, or eliminates the disease/condition. In some embodiments, the term is use in reference to the amount of a composition that elicits the biological (e.g., medical) response by a tissue, system, or animal subject that is sought by the researcher, physician, veterinarian, or other clinician.

It is intended that the terms “treating,” “treat” and “treatment” encompass preventative (e.g., prophylactic), as well as palliative treatment.

Engineered TAL Polypeptides:

The parent enzyme used to generate the engineered TAL polypeptides is a PAL obtained from Anabaena variabilis. In some embodiments, alternative enzymes find use as parent enzymes to generate engineered TAL polypeptides (e.g., Nostoc punctiforme phenylalanine/histidine ammonia lyase “NpPHAL” (NCBI YP_001865631.1; Rivularia sp. histidine ammonia-lyase “RspHAL” (NCBI YP_007056096.1; Oscillatoria sp. histidine ammonia-lyase “Osp HAL” (NCBI YP_07108482.1; and Gloeocapsa sp. histidine ammonia-lyase “GspHAL” (NCBI YP_007127054.1). Furthermore, when a particular TAL variant (engineered TAL polypeptide) is referred to by reference to modification of particular amino acids residues in the sequence of a wild-type TAL, wild-type PAL, wild-type HAL or another TAL, it is to be understood that variants of another TAL modified in the equivalent position(s) (as determined from the optional amino acid sequence alignment between the respective amino acid sequences) are encompassed herein. In some embodiments the engineered TAL polypeptide will comprise the conserved active site Ala167-Ser168-Gly169 and comprise at least 70% (at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments the engineered TAL polypeptides will comprise not only TAL activity but also may be active on phenylalanine and/or histidine substrates. In some embodiments, TAL variants are developed that comprise at least one mutation in at least one key residue (e.g., position 107; See e.g., WO 2008/069958; US Appln. Ser. No. 2009/011140; and Watts et al. Chem. Biol., 13:1317-26 [2006])

In some embodiments, engineered TAL polypeptides are produced by cultivating a microorganism comprising at least one polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one engineered TAL polypeptide under conditions which are conducive for producing the engineered TAL polypeptide(s). In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide is recovered from the resulting culture medium and/or cells.

The present invention provides exemplary engineered TAL polypeptides having TAL activity. The Examples provide Tables showing sequence structural information correlating specific amino acid sequence features with the functional activity of the engineered TAL polypeptides. This structure-function correlation information is provided in the form of specific amino acid residues differences relative to a reference engineered polypeptide, as indicated in the Examples. The Examples further provide experimentally determined activity data for the exemplary engineered TAL polypeptides.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:6; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits an improved property selected from i) enhanced catalytic activity, ii) reduced proteolytic sensitivity, iii) increased tolerance to acidic pH, iv) reduced aggregation or a combination of any of i), ii), iii) or iv), as compared to the reference sequence.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least about 85%, at least about 88%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at about 100% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6, and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:6, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6). In some embodiment the residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6, at one or more positions will include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:8; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits an improved property selected from i) enhanced catalytic activity, ii) reduced proteolytic sensitivity, iii) increased tolerance to acidic pH, iv) reduced aggregation or a combination of any of i), ii), iii) or iv), as compared to the reference sequence.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least about 85%, at least about 88%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at about 100% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8, and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:8, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8). In some embodiment the residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8, at one or more positions will include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:10; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits an improved property selected from i) enhanced catalytic activity, ii) reduced proteolytic sensitivity, iii) increased tolerance to acidic pH, iv) reduced aggregation or a combination of any of i), ii), iii) or iv), as compared to the reference sequence.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least about 85%, at least about 88%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at about 100% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10, and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:10, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10). In some embodiment the residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10, at one or more positions will include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide is a polypeptide listed in Table 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, and/or 4-7. In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:12; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits an improved property selected from i) enhanced catalytic activity, ii) reduced proteolytic sensitivity, iii) increased tolerance to acidic pH, iv) reduced aggregation or a combination of any of i), ii), iii) or iv), as compared to the reference sequence.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least about 85%, at least about 88%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at about 100% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12, and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:12, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12). In some embodiment the residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12, at one or more positions will include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:14; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits an improved property selected from i) enhanced catalytic activity, ii) reduced proteolytic sensitivity, iii) increased tolerance to acidic pH, iv) reduced aggregation or a combination of any of i), ii), iii) or iv), as compared to the reference sequence.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least about 85%, at least about 88%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at about 100% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14, and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:14, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14). In some embodiment the residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14, at one or more positions will include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide is a polypeptide listed in Tables 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, and/or 4-7. In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits an improved property has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide comprises a functional fragment of an engineered TAL polypeptide encompassed by the invention. Functional fragments have at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the activity of the engineered TAL polypeptide from which is was derived (i.e., the parent engineered TAL). A functional fragment comprises at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% and even 99% of the parent sequence of the engineered TAL. In some embodiments the functional fragment is truncated by less than 5, less than 10, less than 15, less than 10, less than 25, less than 30, less than 35, less than 40, less than 45, and less than 50 amino acids.

Variants with Reduced Sensitivity to Proteolysis:

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:6; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6 at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:6 or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6).

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:8; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8 at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:8 or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8).

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:8; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8 at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:8 or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8).

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:10; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10 at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:10 or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10).

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:12; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12 at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:12 or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12).

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:14; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14 at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis.

In some embodiments the engineered TAL which exhibits reduced sensitivity to proteolysis has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14 at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:14 or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14).

In some embodiments, the proteolytic sensitivity of the engineered TAL polypeptide will be reduced by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% and at least 85% compared to the wild-type AvPAL and/or at least one reference TAL polypeptide under essentially the same conditions. The proteolytic sensitivity can be measured using any suitable assay system, including, but not limited to the assays described in the Examples.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide having reduced sensitivity to proteolysis has reduced sensitivity to a composition comprising one or more proteases such as but not limited to pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B, peptidases (e.g., amino peptidase, dipeptidase and enteropeptidase) when both the reference TAL and the engineered TAL having the reduced sensitivity are compared and exposed to essentially the same amount and kind of protease under essentially the same conditions.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide having reduced sensitivity to proteolysis has enzyme activity that is about 1.0 fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 200-fold or more of the enzymatic activity of the reference TAL. In some embodiments, the engineered polypeptides will have more enzyme activity (as compared to a reference TAL) when activity is measured at a pH range of 4.5 to 7.5; when activity is measured at a pH range of 4.5 to 6.5; when activity is measured at a pH range of 5.0 to 7.5, when activity is measured at a pH range of 5.0 to 6.5; when activity is measured at a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 and also when activity is measured at a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. In other embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides will have a Km in the range of 1 μM to 5 mM.

Variants with Increased Tolerance to Acidic pH:

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:6, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:6, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:8, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:8, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:10, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:10, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:12, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:12, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:14, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits increased tolerance to acidic pH has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:14, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14.

In some embodiments, when all other assay conditions are essentially the same, the engineered TAL polypeptide has increased tolerance to acidic pH as compared to a reference TAL polypeptide. The engineered peptide has an increased tolerance at a pH range between 1.5 to 6.5, and between 1.5 and 5.0, and between 2.0 to 5.5, and between 3.0 and 6.8; between 3.0 and 5.5; between 4.0 and 6.5; between 4.0 and 4.5; between 4.5 and between 5.0; between 4.5 and 5.5, between 4.5 and 6.0; between 4.5 and 6.5; between 5.0 and 6.5; between 5.0 and 6.0; between 5.0 and 5.5; between 5.5 and 6.0; between 6.0 and 6.5 and between 6.5 and 7.0. In some embodiments the increased tolerance to acidic pH will be exhibited at a pH of about 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide having increased tolerance to acidic pH exhibits greater TAL activity as compared to a reference TAL when measured by any standard assay, including, but not limited to the assays described in the Examples.

Variants with Improved Activity:

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:6, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits improved activity, as compared to SEQ ID NO:6.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits improved activity has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:6, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:6, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:6.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:8, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits improved activity, as compared to SEQ ID NO:8.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits improved activity has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:8, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:8, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:8.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:10, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits improved activity, as compared to SEQ ID NO:10.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits improved activity has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:10, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:10, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:10.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:12, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits improved activity, as compared to SEQ ID NO:12.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits improved activity has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:12, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:12, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:12.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides of the invention having TAL activity comprise a) an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:14, or a fragment thereof; b) an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14, at one or more amino acid positions; and c) which exhibits improved activity, as compared to SEQ ID NO:14.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL that exhibits improved activity has at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14 and an amino acid residue difference as compared to SEQ ID NO:14, at one or more amino acid positions (e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20 or more amino acid positions compared to SEQ ID NO:14, or a sequence having at least 85%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or greater amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:14.

In some embodiments, when all other assay conditions are essentially the same, the engineered TAL polypeptide has improved activity as compared to a reference TAL polypeptide. In some embodiments this activity can be measured under conditions that monitor enzymatic activity at saturating levels of tyrosine, thus assessing the maximum activity of the enzyme (k_(cat)). In other embodiments this activity can be measured under substrate concentrations resulting in one-half, one-fifth, one-tenth or less of maximal activity. Under either method of analysis, the engineered polypeptide has improved activity levels about 1.0 fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, or more of the enzymatic activity of the reference TAL In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide having improved activity as compared to a reference TAL when measured by any standard assay, including, but not limited to the assays described in the Examples.

In light of the guidance provided herein, it is further contemplated that any of the exemplary engineered polypeptides (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:6, 8, 10, 12, and 14) can be used as the starting amino acid sequence for synthesizing other engineered TAL polypeptides, for example by subsequent rounds of evolution by adding new combinations of various amino acid differences from other polypeptides and other residue positions described herein. Further improvements may be generated by including amino acid differences at residue positions that had been maintained as unchanged throughout earlier rounds of evolution.

Polynucleotides Encoding Engineered Polypeptides, Expression Vectors and Host Cells:

The present invention provides polynucleotides encoding the engineered TAL polypeptides described herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are operatively linked to one or more heterologous regulatory sequences that control gene expression to create a recombinant polynucleotide capable of expressing the polypeptide. Expression constructs containing a heterologous polynucleotide encoding the engineered TAL polypeptides can be introduced into appropriate host cells to express the corresponding TAL polypeptide.

As will be apparent to the skilled artisan, availability of a protein sequence and the knowledge of the codons corresponding to the various amino acids provide a description of all the polynucleotides capable of encoding the subject polypeptides. The degeneracy of the genetic code, where the same amino acids are encoded by alternative or synonymous codons, allows an extremely large number of nucleic acids to be made, all of which encode the engineered TAL polypeptide. Thus, having knowledge of a particular amino acid sequence, those skilled in the art could make any number of different nucleic acids by simply modifying the sequence of one or more codons in a way which does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein. In this regard, the present invention specifically contemplates each and every possible variation of polynucleotides that could be made encoding the polypeptides described herein by selecting combinations based on the possible codon choices, and all such variations are to be considered specifically disclosed for any polypeptide described herein, including the variants provided in Table 4-1, as well as SEQ ID NOS:8 and 10.

In various embodiments, the codons are preferably selected to fit the host cell in which the protein is being produced. For example, preferred codons used in bacteria are used for expression in bacteria. Consequently, codon optimized polynucleotides encoding the engineered TAL polypeptides contain preferred codons at about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or greater than 90% of codon positions of the full length coding region.

In some embodiments, as described above, the polynucleotide encodes an engineered polypeptide having TAL activity with the properties disclosed herein, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identity to a reference sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS:6, 8, 10, 12, and/or 14, or the amino acid sequence of any variant as disclosed in Tables 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, and/or 4-7, and one or more residue differences as compared to the reference polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS:6, 8, 10, 12, and/or 14, or the amino acid sequence of any variant as disclosed in Table 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, and/or 4-7 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acid residue positions). In some embodiments, the reference sequence is selected from SEQ ID NOS:6, 8, 10, 12, and/or 14.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes an engineered polypeptide having TAL activity with the properties disclosed herein, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to reference sequence SEQ ID NO:6, and one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:10 at residue positions selected from 73, 77, 88, 91, 93, 95, 97, 108, 222, 253, 304, 307, 315, 364, 389, 400, 401, 453, and/or 490, when optimally aligned with the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:10.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the engineered TAL polypeptides comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from a polynucleotide sequence encoding the SEQ ID NOS:6, 8, 10, 12, and 14. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding an engineered TAL polypeptide has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 93%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% nucleotide residue identity to SEQ ID NOS:5, 7, 9, 11, and/or 13.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are capable of hybridizing under highly stringent conditions to a reference polynucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS:5, 7, 9, 11, and/or 13, or a complement thereof, or a polynucleotide sequence encoding any of the variant TAL polypeptides provided herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide capable of hybridizing under highly stringent conditions encodes a TAL polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has one or more residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:10, at residue positions selected from 73, 77, 88, 91, 93, 95, 97, 108, 222, 253, 304, 307, 315, 364, 389, 400, 401, 453, and/or 490.

In some embodiments, an isolated polynucleotide encoding any of the engineered TAL polypeptides provided herein is manipulated in a variety of ways to provide for expression of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides are provided as expression vectors where one or more control sequences is present to regulate the expression of the polynucleotides and/or polypeptides. Manipulation of the isolated polynucleotide prior to its insertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expression vector. The techniques for modifying polynucleotides and nucleic acid sequences utilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art.

In some embodiments, the control sequences include among other sequences, promoters, leader sequences, polyadenylation sequences, propeptide sequences, signal peptide sequences, and transcription terminators. As known in the art, suitable promoters can be selected based on the host cells used. For bacterial host cells, suitable promoters for directing transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present application, include, but are not limited to the promoters obtained from the E. coli lac operon, Streptomyces coelicolor agarase gene (dagA), Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (sacB), Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL), Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene (amyM), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene (amyQ), Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP), Bacillus subtilis xylA and xylB genes, and prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (See e.g., Villa-Kamaroff et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75: 3727-3731 [1978]), as well as the tac promoter (See e.g., DeBoer et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80: 21-25 [1983]). Exemplary promoters for filamentous fungal host cells, include promoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (glaA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase, Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease (See e.g., WO 96/00787), as well as the NA2-tpi promoter (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase), and mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters thereof. Exemplary yeast cell promoters can be from the genes can be from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase (GAL1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Other useful promoters for yeast host cells are known in the art (See e.g., Romanos et al., Yeast 8:423-488 [1992]).

In some embodiments, the control sequence is a suitable transcription terminator sequence, a sequence recognized by a host cell to terminate transcription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any terminator which is functional in the host cell of choice finds use in the present invention. For example, exemplary transcription terminators for filamentous fungal host cells can be obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease. Exemplary terminators for yeast host cells can be obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome C (CYC1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators for yeast host cells are known in the art (See e.g., Romanos et al., supra).

In some embodiments, the control sequence is a suitable leader sequence, a non-translated region of an mRNA that is important for translation by the host cell. The leader sequence is operably linked to the 5′ terminus of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any leader sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used. Exemplary leaders for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus nidulans triose phosphate isomerase. Suitable leaders for yeast host cells include, but are not limited to those obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP).

The control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequence operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleic acid sequence and which, when transcribed, is recognized by the host cell as a signal to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Any polyadenylation sequence which is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention. Exemplary polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal host cells include, but are not limited to those from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase. Useful polyadenylation sequences for yeast host cells are also known in the art (See e.g., Guo and Sherman, Mol. Cell. Bio., 15:5983-5990 [1995]).

In some embodiments, the control sequence is a signal peptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into the cell's secretory pathway. The 5′ end of the coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence may inherently contain a signal peptide coding region naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding region that encodes the secreted polypeptide. Alternatively, the 5′ end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide coding region that is foreign to the coding sequence. Any signal peptide coding region that directs the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a host cell of choice finds use for expression of the engineered TAL polypeptides provided herein. Effective signal peptide coding regions for bacterial host cells include, but are not limited to the signal peptide coding regions obtained from the genes for Bacillus NC1B 11837 maltogenic amylase, Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase, Bacillus licheniformis subtilisin, Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase, Bacillus stearothermophilus neutral proteases (nprT, nprS, nprM), and Bacillus subtilis prsA. Further signal peptides are known in the art (See e.g., Simonen and Palva, Microbiol. Rev., 57:109-137 [1993]). Effective signal peptide coding regions for filamentous fungal host cells include, but are not limited to the signal peptide coding regions obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger neutral amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Humicola insolens cellulase, and Humicola lanuginosa lipase. Useful signal peptides for yeast host cells include, but are not limited to those from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor and Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase.

In some embodiments, the control sequence is a propeptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminus of a polypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is referred to as a “proenzyme,” “propolypeptide,” or “zymogen,” in some cases). A propolypeptide can be converted to a mature active polypeptide by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the propolypeptide. The propeptide coding region includes, but is not limited to the genes for Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease (aprE), Bacillus subtilis neutral protease (nprT), Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, and Myceliophthora thermophila lactase (See e.g., WO 95/33836). Where both signal peptide and propeptide regions are present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide, the propeptide region is positioned next to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide region is positioned next to the amino terminus of the propeptide region.

In some embodiments, regulatory sequences are also utilized. These sequences facilitate the regulation of the expression of the polypeptide relative to the growth of the host cell. Examples of regulatory systems are those which cause the expression of the gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound. In prokaryotic host cells, suitable regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to the lac, tac, and trp operator systems. In yeast host cells, suitable regulatory systems include, but are not limited to the ADH2 system or GAL1 system. In filamentous fungi, suitable regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to the TAKA alpha-amylase promoter, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase promoter, and Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase promoter.

In another aspect, the present invention also provides a recombinant expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding an engineered TAL polypeptide, and one or more expression regulating regions such as a promoter and a terminator, a replication origin, etc., depending on the type of hosts into which they are to be introduced. in some embodiments, the various nucleic acid and control sequences described above are joined together to produce a recombinant expression vector which includes one or more convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the variant TAL polypeptide at such sites. Alternatively, the polynucleotide sequence(s) of the present invention are expressed by inserting the polynucleotide sequence or a nucleic acid construct comprising the polynucleotide sequence into an appropriate vector for expression. In creating the expression vector, the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences for expression.

The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., a plasmid or virus), that can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can result in the expression of the variant TAL polynucleotide sequence. The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids.

In some embodiments, the expression vector is an autonomously replicating vector (i.e., a vector that exists as an extra-chromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, such as a plasmid, an extra-chromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome). The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. In some alternative embodiments, the vector may be one which, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids which together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon may be used.

In some embodiments, the expression vector preferably contains one or more selectable markers, which permit easy selection of transformed cells. A “selectable marker” is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like. Examples of bacterial selectable markers include, but are not limited to the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers, which confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol or tetracycline resistance. Suitable markers for yeast host cells include, but are not limited to ADE2, HIS3, LEU2, LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3. Selectable markers for use in a filamentous fungal host cell include, but are not limited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferases), bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase), niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase), and trpC (anthranilate synthase), as well as equivalents thereof. In another aspect, the present invention provides a host cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding at least one engineered TAL polypeptide of the present application, the polynucleotide being operatively linked to one or more control sequences for expression of the engineered TAL enzyme(s) in the host cell. Host cells for use in expressing the polypeptides encoded by the expression vectors of the present invention are well known in the art and include but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Vibrio fluvialis, Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris (ATCC Accession No. 201178)); insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, BHK, 293, and Bowes melanoma cells; and plant cells. Exemplary host cells are Escherichia coli strains (such as W3110 (ΔfhuA) and BL21).

Accordingly, in another aspect, the present invention provides methods for producing the engineered TAL polypeptides, where the methods comprise culturing a host cell capable of expressing a polynucleotide encoding the engineered TAL polypeptide under conditions suitable for expression of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise the steps of isolating and/or purifying the TAL polypeptides, as described herein.

Appropriate culture media and growth conditions for the above-described host cells are well known in the art. Polynucleotides for expression of the TAL polypeptides may be introduced into cells by various methods known in the art. Techniques include, among others, electroporation, biolistic particle bombardment, liposome mediated transfection, calcium chloride transfection, and protoplast fusion.

The engineered TAL with the properties disclosed herein can be obtained by subjecting the polynucleotide encoding the naturally occurring or engineered TAL polypeptide to mutagenesis and/or directed evolution methods known in the art, and as described herein. An exemplary directed evolution technique is mutagenesis and/or DNA shuffling (See e.g., Stemmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751 [1994]; WO 95/22625; WO 97/0078; WO 97/35966; WO 98/27230; WO 00/42651; WO 01/75767 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,746). Other directed evolution procedures that can be used include, among others, staggered extension process (StEP), in vitro recombination (See e.g., Zhao et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 16:258-261 [1998]), mutagenic PCR (See e.g., Caldwell et al., PCR Methods Appl., 3:S136-S140 [1994]), and cassette mutagenesis (See e.g., Black et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:3525-3529 [1996]).

For example, mutagenesis and directed evolution methods can be readily applied to polynucleotides to generate variant libraries that can be expressed, screened, and assayed. Mutagenesis and directed evolution methods are well known in the art (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793, 5,830,721, 6,132,970, 6,420,175, 6,277,638, 6,365,408, 6,602,986, 7,288,375, 6,287,861, 6,297,053, 6,576,467, 6,444,468, 5,811238, 6,117,679, 6,165,793, 6,180,406, 6,291,242, 6,995,017, 6,395,547, 6,506,602, 6,519,065, 6,506,603, 6,413,774, 6,573,098, 6,323,030, 6,344,356, 6,372,497, 7,868,138, 5,834,252, 5,928,905, 6,489,146, 6,096,548, 6,387,702, 6,391,552, 6,358,742, 6,482,647, 6,335,160, 6,653,072, 6,355,484, 6,03,344, 6,319,713, 6,613,514, 6,455,253, 6,579,678, 6,586,182, 6,406,855, 6,946,296, 7,534,564, 7,776,598, 5,837,458, 6,391,640, 6,309,883, 7,105,297, 7,795,030, 6,326,204, 6,251,674, 6,716,631, 6,528,311, 6,287,862, 6,335,198, 6,352,859, 6,379,964, 7,148,054, 7,629,170, 7,620,500, 6,365,377, 6,358,740, 6,406,910, 6,413,745, 6,436,675, 6,961,664, 7,430,477, 7,873,499, 7,702,464, 7,783,428, 7,747,391, 7,747,393, 7,751,986, 6,376,246, 6,426,224, 6,423,542, 6,479,652, 6,319,714, 6,521,453, 6,368,861, 7,421,347, 7,058,515, 7,024,312, 7,620,502, 7,853,410, 7,957,912, 7,904,249, and all related non-US counterparts; Ling et al., Anal. Biochem., 254:157-78 [1997]; Dale et al., Meth. Mol. Biol., 57:369-74 [1996]; Smith, Ann. Rev. Genet., 19:423-462 [1985]; Botstein et al., Science, 229:1193-1201 [1985]; Carter, Biochem. J., 237:1-7 [1986]; Kramer et al., Cell, 38:879-887 [1984]; Wells et al., Gene, 34:315-323 [1985]; Minshull et al., Curr. Op. Chem. Biol., 3:284-290 [1999]; Christians et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 17:259-264 [1999]; Crameri et al., Nature, 391:288-291 [1998]; Crameri, et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 15:436-438 [1997]; Zhang et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94:4504-4509 [1997]; Crameri et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 14:315-319 [1996]; Stemmer, Nature, 370:389-391 [1994]; Stemmer, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:10747-10751 [1994]; WO 95/22625; WO 97/0078; WO 97/35966; WO 98/27230; WO 00/42651; WO 01/75767; WO 2009/152336, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,746, all of which are incorporated herein by reference).

In some embodiments, the enzyme clones obtained following mutagenesis treatment are screened by subjecting the enzymes to a defined temperature (or other assay conditions) and measuring the amount of enzyme activity remaining after heat treatments or other assay conditions. Clones containing a polynucleotide encoding a TAL polypeptide are then isolated from the gene, sequenced to identify the nucleotide sequence changes (if any), and used to express the enzyme in a host cell. Measuring enzyme activity from the expression libraries can be performed using any suitable method known in the art (e.g., standard biochemistry techniques, such as HPLC analysis).

For engineered polypeptides of known sequence, the polynucleotides encoding the enzyme can be prepared by standard solid-phase methods, according to known synthetic methods. In some embodiments, fragments of up to about 100 bases can be individually synthesized, then joined (e.g., by enzymatic or chemical litigation methods, or polymerase mediated methods) to form any desired continuous sequence. For example, polynucleotides and oligonucleotides disclosed herein can be prepared by chemical synthesis using the classical phosphoramidite method (See e.g., Beaucage et al., Tetra. Lett., 22:1859-69 [1981]; and Matthes et al., EMBO J., 3:801-05 [1984]), as it is typically practiced in automated synthetic methods. According to the phosphoramidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesized (e.g., in an automatic DNA synthesizer), purified, annealed, ligated and cloned in appropriate vectors.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a method for preparing the engineered TAL polypeptide can comprise: (a) synthesizing a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the amino acid sequence of any variant provided in Table 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, and/or 4-7, as well as SEQ ID NOS:6, 8, 10, 12, and 14, and (b) expressing the TAL polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide. In some embodiments of the method, the amino acid sequence encoded by the polynucleotide can optionally have one or several (e.g., up to 3, 4, 5, or up to 10) amino acid residue deletions, insertions and/or substitutions. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has optionally 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-15, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, 1-23, 1-24, 1-25, 1-30, 1-35, 1-40, 1- 45, or 1-50 amino acid residue deletions, insertions and/or substitutions. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has optionally 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acid residue deletions, insertions and/or substitutions. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has optionally 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 amino acid residue deletions, insertions and/or substitutions. In some embodiments, the substitutions can be conservative or non-conservative substitutions.

The expressed engineered TAL polypeptide can be measured for any desired improved property (e.g., activity, selectivity, stability, acid tolerance, protease sensitivity, etc.), using any suitable assay known in the art, including but not limited to the assays and conditions described herein.

In some embodiments, any of the engineered TAL polypeptides expressed in a host cell are recovered from the cells and/or the culture medium using any one or more of the well-known techniques for protein purification, including, among others, lysozyme treatment, sonication, filtration, salting-out, ultra-centrifugation, and chromatography.

Chromatographic techniques for isolation of the TAL polypeptides include, among others, reverse phase chromatography high performance liquid chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and affinity chromatography. Conditions for purifying a particular enzyme depends, in part, on factors such as net charge, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, molecular weight, molecular shape, etc., and will be apparent to those having skill in the art. In some embodiments, affinity techniques may be used to isolate the improved variant TAL enzymes. In some embodiments utilizing affinity chromatography purification, any antibody which specifically binds the variant TAL polypeptide finds use. For the production of antibodies, various host animals, including but not limited to rabbits, mice, rats, etc., are immunized by injection with a TAL polypeptide (e.g., a TAL variant), or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the TAL polypeptide or fragment is attached to a suitable carrier, such as BSA, by means of a side chain functional group or linkers attached to a side chain functional group.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide is produced in a host cell by a method comprising culturing a host cell (e.g., an E. coli strain) comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an engineered TAL polypeptide as described herein under conditions conducive to the production of the engineered TAL polypeptide and recovering the engineered TAL polypeptide from the cells and/or culture medium.

In some preferred embodiments, the invention encompasses a method of producing an engineered TAL polypeptide comprising culturing a recombinant bacterial cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an engineered TAL polypeptide having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to reference sequences SEQ ID NOS:6, 8, 10, 12, and/or 14, and one or more amino acid residue differences as compared to SEQ ID NO:10, selected from amino acid positions 73, 77, 88, 91, 93, 95, 97, 108, 222, 253, 304, 307, 315, 364, 389, 400, 401, 453, and/or 490, and/or combinations thereof when optimally aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, under suitable culture conditions to allow the production of the engineered TAL polypeptide and optionally recovering the engineered TAL polypeptide from the culture and/or cultured bacterial cells.

In some embodiments, once the engineered TAL polypeptides are recovered from the recombinant host cells or cell culture and they are further purified by any suitable method(s) known in the art. In some additional embodiments, the purified TAL polypeptides are combined with other ingredients and compounds to provide compositions and formulations comprising the engineered TAL polypeptide as appropriate for different applications and uses (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions).

Compositions:

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The present invention provides engineered TAL polypeptides suitable for use in pharmaceutical and other compositions, such as dietary/nutritional supplements.

Depending on the mode of administration, the compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an engineered TAL according to the present invention are in the form of a solid, semi-solid, gel, or liquid. In some embodiments, the compositions include other pharmaceutically acceptable components such as diluents, buffers, excipients, salts, emulsifiers, preservatives, stabilizers, fillers, and other ingredients. Details on techniques for formulation and administration are well known in the art and described in the literature.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are formulated for use in oral pharmaceutical compositions. Any suitable format for use in delivering the engineered TAL polypeptides find use in the present invention, including but not limited to pills, tablets, gel tabs, capsules, lozenges, dragees, powders, soft gels, sol-gels, gels, emulsions, implants, patches, sprays, ointments, liniments, creams, pastes, jellies, paints, aerosols, chewing gums, demulcents, sticks, suspensions (including but not limited to oil-based suspensions, oil-in water emulsions, etc.), slurries, syrups, controlled release formulations, suppositories, etc. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are provided in a format suitable for injection (i.e., in an injectable formulation). In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are provided in biocompatible matrices such as sol-gels, including silica-based (e.g., oxysilane) sol-gels. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are encapsulated. In some alternative embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are encapsulated in nanostructures (e.g., nanotubes, nanotubules, nanocapsules, or microcapsules, microspheres, liposomes, etc.). Indeed, it is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular delivery formulation and/or means of delivery. It is intended that the engineered TAL polypeptides be administered by any suitable means known in the art, including but not limited to parenteral, oral, topical, transdermal, intranasal, intraocular, intrathecal, via implants, etc.

In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are chemically modified by glycosylation, pegylation (i.e., modified with polyethylene glycol [PEG] or activated PEG, etc.) or other compounds (See e.g., Ikeda, Amino Acids 29:283-287 [2005]; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,531,341, 7,534,595, 7,560,263, and 7,53,653; US Pat. Appln. Publ. Nos. 2013/0039898, 2012/0177722, etc.). Indeed, it is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular delivery method and/or mechanism.

In some additional embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are provided in formulations comprising matrix-stabilized enzyme crystals. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a cross-linked crystalline engineered TAL enzyme and a polymer with a reactive moiety that adheres to the enzyme crystals. The present invention also provides engineered TAL polypeptides in polymers.

In some embodiments, compositions comprising the engineered TAL polypeptides of the present invention include one or more commonly used carrier compounds, including but not limited to sugars (e.g., lactose, sucrose, mannitol, and/or sorbitol), starches (e.g., corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plant starch), cellulose (e.g., methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxy-methylcellulose), gums (e.g., arabic, tragacanth, guar, etc.), and/or proteins (e.g., gelatin, collagen, etc.). Additional components in oral formulations may include coloring and or sweetening agents (e.g., glucose, sucrose, and mannitol) and lubricating agents (e.g., magnesium stearate), as well as enteric coatings (e.g., methacrylate polymers, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate, and/or any other suitable enteric coating known in the art). In some embodiments, disintegrating or solubilizing agents are included (e.g., cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid or salts thereof, such as sodium alginate). In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptide are be combined with various additional components, including but not limited to preservatives, suspending agents, thickening agents, wetting agents, alcohols, fatty acids, and/or emulsifiers, particularly in liquid formulations. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are administered to subjects in combination with other compounds used in the treatment of tyrosinemia and/or alkaptonuria, including but not limited to NTBC, nitisinone, antacids (e.g., omeprazole, esomeprazole and other prazoles), as well as any other suitable compounds.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides engineered TAL polypeptides suitable for use in decreasing the concentration of tyrosine in fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. The dosages of engineered TAL polypeptide(s) administered to an animal depend upon the condition or disease, the general condition of the animal, and other factors known to those in the art. In some embodiments, the compositions are intended for single or multiple administrations to an animal. In some embodiments, it is contemplated that the concentration of engineered TAL polypeptide(s) in the composition(s) administered to an animal (e.g., a human with tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria) is sufficient to effectively treat, ameliorate and/or prevent the symptoms of disease (e.g., tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria and/or tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria-related conditions, diseases and/or symptoms), In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are administered in combination with other pharmaceutical and/or dietary compositions.

Industrial Compositions

It is contemplated that the engineered TAL polypeptides of the present invention will find use in industrial compositions. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides find use in the production of chemicals (e.g., coumaric acid). In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are formulated for use in the food and/or feed industries. In some embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are formulated in granulated or pelleted products which are mixed with animal feed components such as additional enzymes (for example, cellulases, laccases, and amylases). In some alternative embodiments, the engineered TAL polypeptides are used in liquid animal feed compositions (e.g., aqueous or oil based slurries). Thus, in some embodiments, the engineered TAL variants of the present invention are sufficiently thermotolerant and thermostable to withstand the treatment used to produce pellets and other processed feed/foods. In some further embodiments, the engineered TAL variants are used to produce tyrosine and/or tyrosine derivatives.

The engineered TAL polypeptides provided herein also find use in agricultural applications. Indeed, it is contemplated that modulation of TAL activity by using recombinant polypeptides having TAL activity will lead to effective herbicides.

The foregoing and other aspects of the invention may be better understood in connection with the following non-limiting examples. The examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.

EXPERIMENTAL

The following Examples, including experiments and results achieved, are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.

In the experimental disclosure below, the following abbreviations apply: ppm (parts per million); M (molar); mM (millimolar), uM and μM (micromolar); nM (nanomolar); mol (moles); gm and g (gram); mg (milligrams); ug and μg (micrograms); L and 1 (liter); ml and mL (milliliter); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters); um and μm (micrometers); sec. (seconds); min(s) (minute(s)); h(s) and hr(s) (hour(s)); U (units); MW (molecular weight); rpm (rotations per minute); ° C. (degrees Centigrade); CDS (coding sequence); DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); RNA (ribonucleic acid); E. coli W3110 (commonly used laboratory E. coli strain, available from the Coli Genetic Stock Center [CGSC], New Haven, Conn.); HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography); SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis); PES (polyethersulfone); CFSE (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester); IPTG (isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside); PMBS (polymyxin B sulfate); NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); FIOPC (fold improvements over positive control); PHE and Phe (phenylalanine); TYR and Tyr (tyrosine); PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells); LB (Luria broth); MeOH (methanol); Athens Research (Athens Research Technology, Athens, Ga.); ProSpec (ProSpec Tany Technogene, East Brunswick, N.J.); Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.); Ram Scientific (Ram Scientific, Inc., Yonkers, N.Y.); Pall Corp. (Pall, Corp., Pt. Washington, N.Y.); Millipore (Millipore, Corp., Billerica Mass.); Difco (Difco Laboratories, BD Diagnostic Systems, Detroit, Mich.); Molecular Devices (Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, Calif.); Kuhner (Adolf Kuhner, AG, Basel, Switzerland); Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, (Canbridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, Mass.); Applied Biosystems (Applied Biosystems, part of Life Technologies, Corp., Grand Island, N.Y.), Agilent (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.); Thermo Scientific (part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.); Corning (Corning, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.); Megazyme (Megazyme International, Wicklow, Ireland); Enzo (Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., Farmingdale, N.Y.); GE Healthcare (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Piscataway, N.J.); Pierce (Pierce Biotechnology (now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific), Rockford, Ill.); Phenomenex (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, Calif.); Optimal (Optimal Biotech Group, Belmont, Calif.); and Bio-Rad (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.).

The following polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences find use in the present invention. In some cases (as shown below), the polynucleotide sequence is followed by the encoded polypeptide.

Polynucleotide Sequence of pET16b-AvPAL Expression Vector (SEQ ID NO: 1): (SEQ ID NO: 1) TCTCATGTTTGACAGCTTATCATCGATAAGCTTTAATGCGGTAGTTTATCACAGTTAAATTGC TAACGCAGTCAGGCACCGTGTATGAAATCTAACAATGCGCTCATCGTCATCCTCGGCACCGT CACCCTGGATGCTGTAGGCATAGGCTTGGTTATGCCGGTACTGCCGGGCCTCTTGCGGGATA TCCGGATATAGTTCCTCCTTTCAGCAAAAAACCCCTCAAGACCCGTTTAGAGGCCCCAAGGG GTTATGCTAGTTATTGCTCAGCGGTGGCAGCAGCCAACTCAGCTTCCTTTCGGGCTTTGTTAG CAGCCGGATCCTTAATGCAGACACGGCAGAATGTCCTGAACGGCCTGAACAATAACACCAC CGGCTGCAATATCTGCACTAATACGTGCAATATGTTCATCCAGACCCTGTTCATTATCATTCC AAATATACGGACGATCTGAGGTCGGTTTCTGACCAACAACATGACGAACTGCGCTATACAG ACGTTCGGTTGCCGGTGACAGACAGGCACGTGCATCATAATGACCGGTTTTTTTGTAGGTAC GCAGATCAACTGCCTGAACACCAAACATCAGGGCAATGGCAACATAATTCTGAAAAATATC AACGCTACGACGTGCCAGGGTTGCGCTGGTATAACCCTGGCTGTTAATATTCTGGTTAAACT GTTCGGCATGGGTCGGAAAACGATCTGCAATACTATTACCATAAAAGGTCAGCAGCGGCAT AATGCTATTACCGCAAATCTGCAGACCTTTCAGACCCATATTAACTTTACGTTCACGATTACC CAGCAGACTCGGAGGCAGACCATTGCTAAATTCCGGTGATGCCAGCAGTGCAATCTGAACA TCCAGATGTTTTGCCAGCAGACCGATATAATAGCGCAGATGATCCATACCCATACCAACATA CTGACCCAGAAAATTACCACCATGATAGCTTGCCTGATTATCAACATCAATCAGCGGGTTAT CGGTAACGCTGTTAATCTCAATTTCGATTTGTTTGGCAATCTGGCTAATACCATCAACAATCG GACCCAGATACTGCGGCAGACAACGCAGGCTATAACGATCCTGGATCAGTTCATGATCACG ATAATCATGTTTACCATCCAGTTCATCACGAACCAGCTGGCTATTGGCCAGCAGGCTAATCA TCTGATCTGCTGCCCACAGCTGACCCGGATGCGGTTTGCTGTTATGGATAAACGGATGAAAG CTCTGATTTGTACCATTCAGTGCCTGAATATCCAGTGCATGAACACCCATTGCAATTGCGGTC AGAATCTGGGTATCATAAACACAATTTGCTGCAATACCGGTCATAACGCTGGTGCCATTCAT CATTGCCAGACCTTCTTTCGGCAGCAGGGTCAGCGGACTCAGATTCAGCTGACGCAGTGCGG TCGGTGCGTCCATTTCTTTGCCATTAAAATCAACTTTAAAGCTCGGGTCCAGGCCAATCAGG CTACCGGTAATATAGCTCAGCGGAACCAGATCACCGCTGGCACCAATGCTACCAAATTCATA AACATACGGGGTAACACCGGCATTCAGAAAGATTTCCATGCGTTTAATCAGTTCCAGACGAA TACCGCTTGCACCACGCATGTGGCTATTTGCACGCAGCAGCATTGCTGCACGAACATCTGCC AGCGGCAGTTTATTACCTGCACCGGTTTTCAGAAACCAAACCAGATTGGTCTGCAGTTCGCT TGCCTGTTCACGGCTAATTGCAACATTTGCCATACCACCAAAACCGCTGGTAACACCATAAA TCGGTTCACCGCTTTCAACTGCATTATTGATATAATCACAGCTGGCCTGAATACCCTGCAGA ATATCGGTATTATTGGTCAGGCTAACCAGGGTGCCATTACGGGCAACACGTGCAACATCATT GATGGTCAGTTTCTGATTACCAATAATCACATTTGCGCTGCTATTGCCGGTAAAGCTAAACT GCTGGCTGCTGGTTTTGCTCTGTGCCTGGCTCAGGGTTTTCATATGACGACCTTCGATATGGC CGCTGCTGTGATGATGATGATGATGATGATGATGATGGCCCATGGTATATCTCCTTCTTAAA GTTAAACAAAATTATTTCTAGAGGGGAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCCCTATAGTGAGTC GTATTAATTTCGCGGGATCGAGATCTCGATCCTCTACGCCGGACGCATCGTGGCCGGCATCA CCGGCGCCACAGGTGCGGTTGCTGGCGCCTATATCGCCGACATCACCGATGGGGAAGATCG GGCTCGCCACTTCGGGCTCATGAGCGCTTGTTTCGGCGTGGGTATGGTGGCAGGCCCCGTGG CCGGGGGACTGTTGGGCGCCATCTCCTTGCATGCACCATTCCTTGCGGCGGCGGTGCTCAAC GGCCTCAACCTACTACTGGGCTGCTTCCTAATGCAGGAGTCGCATAAGGGAGAGCGTCGAG ATCCCGGACACCATCGAATGGCGCAAAACCTTTCGCGGTATGGCATGATAGCGCCCGGAAG AGAGTCAATTCAGGGTGGTGAATGTGAAACCAGTAACGTTATACGATGTCGCAGAGTATGC CGGTGTCTCTTATCAGACCGTTTCCCGCGTGGTGAACCAGGCCAGCCACGTTTCTGCGAAAA CGCGGGAAAAAGTGGAAGCGGCGATGGCGGAGCTGAATTACATTCCCAACCGCGTGGCACA ACAACTGGCGGGCAAACAGTCGTTGCTGATTGGCGTTGCCACCTCCAGTCTGGCCCTGCACG CGCCGTCGCAAATTGTCGCGGCGATTAAATCTCGCGCCGATCAACTGGGTGCCAGCGTGGTG GTGTCGATGGTAGAACGAAGCGGCGTCGAAGCCTGTAAAGCGGCGGTGCACAATCTTCTCG CGCAACGCGTCAGTGGGCTGATCATTAACTATCCGCTGGATGACCAGGATGCCATTGCTGTG GAAGCTGCCTGCACTAATGTTCCGGCGTTATTTCTTGATGTCTCTGACCAGACACCCATCAAC AGTATTATTTTCTCCCATGAAGACGGTACGCGACTGGGCGTGGAGCATCTGGTCGCATTGGG TCACCAGCAAATCGCGCTGTTAGCGGGCCCATTAAGTTCTGTCTCGGCGCGTCTGCGTCTGG CTGGCTGGCATAAATATCTCACTCGCAATCAAATTCAGCCGATAGCGGAACGGGAAGGCGA CTGGAGTGCCATGTCCGGTTTTCAACAAACCATGCAAATGCTGAATGAGGGCATCGTTCCCA CTGCGATGCTGGTTGCCAACGATCAGATGGCGCTGGGCGCAATGCGCGCCATTACCGAGTCC GGGCTGCGCGTTGGTGCGGATATCTCGGTAGTGGGATACGACGATACCGAAGACAGCTCAT GTTATATCCCGCCGTTAACCACCATCAAACAGGATTTTCGCCTGCTGGGGCAAACCAGCGTG GACCGCTTGCTGCAACTCTCTCAGGGCCAGGCGGTGAAGGGCAATCAGCTGTTGCCCGTCTC ACTGGTGAAAAGAAAAACCACCCTGGCGCCCAATACGCAAACCGCCTCTCCCCGCGCGTTG GCCGATTCATTAATGCAGCTGGCACGACAGGTTTCCCGACTGGAAAGCGGGCAGTGAGCGC AACGCAATTAATGTAAGTTAGCTCACTCATTAGGCACCGGGATCTCGACCGATGCCCTTGAG AGCCTTCAACCCAGTCAGCTCCTTCCGGTGGGCGCGGGGCATGACTATCGTCGCCGCACTTA TGACTGTCTTCTTTATCATGCAACTCGTAGGACAGGTGCCGGCAGCGCTCTGGGTCATTTTCG GCGAGGACCGCTTTCGCTGGAGCGCGACGATGATCGGCCTGTCGCTTGCGGTATTCGGAATC TTGCACGCCCTCGCTCAAGCCTTCGTCACTGGTCCCGCCACCAAACGTTTCGGCGAGAAGCA GGCCATTATCGCCGGCATGGCGGCCGACGCGCTGGGCTACGTCTTGCTGGCGTTCGCGACGC GAGGCTGGATGGCCTTCCCCATTATGATTCTTCTCGCTTCCGGCGGCATCGGGATGCCCGCGT TGCAGGCCATGCTGTCCAGGCAGGTAGATGACGACCATCAGGGACAGCTTCAAGGATCGCT CGCGGCTCTTACCAGCCTAACTTCGATCACTGGACCGCTGATCGTCACGGCGATTTATGCCG CCTCGGCGAGCACATGGAACGGGTTGGCATGGATTGTAGGCGCCGCCCTATACCTTGTCTGC CTCCCCGCGTTGCGTCGCGGTGCATGGAGCCGGGCCACCTCGACCTGAATGGAAGCCGGCG GCACCTCGCTAACGGATTCACCACTCCAAGAATTGGAGCCAATCAATTCTTGCGGAGAACTG TGAATGCGCAAACCAACCCTTGGCAGAACATATCCATCGCGTCCGCCATCTCCAGCAGCCGC ACGCGGCGCATCTCGGGCAGCGTTGGGTCCTGGCCACGGGTGCGCATGATCGTGCTCCTGTC GTTGAGGACCCGGCTAGGCTGGCGGGGTTGCCTTACTGGTTAGCAGAATGAATCACCGATAC GCGAGCGAACGTGAAGCGACTGCTGCTGCAAAACGTCTGCGACCTGAGCAACAACATGAAT GGTCTTCGGTTTCCGTGTTTCGTAAAGTCTGGAAACGCGGAAGTCAGCGCCCTGCACCATTA TGTTCCGGATCTGCATCGCAGGATGCTGCTGGCTACCCTGTGGAACACCTACATCTGTATTA ACGAAGCGCTGGCATTGACCCTGAGTGATTTTTCTCTGGTCCCGCCGCATCCATACCGCCAG TTGTTTACCCTCACAACGTTCCAGTAACCGGGCATGTTCATCATCAGTAACCCGTATCGTGAG CATCCTCTCTCGTTTCATCGGTATCATTACCCCCATGAACAGAAATCCCCCTTACACGGAGGC ATCAGTGACCAAACAGGAAAAAACCGCCCTTAACATGGCCCGCTTTATCAGAAGCCAGACA TTAACGCTTCTGGAGAAACTCAACGAGCTGGACGCGGATGAACAGGCAGACATCTGTGAAT CGCTTCACGACCACGCTGATGAGCTTTACCGCAGCTGCCTCGCGCGTTTCGGTGATGACGGT GAAAACCTCTGACACATGCAGCTCCCGGAGACGGTCACAGCTTGTCTGTAAGCGGATGCCG GGAGCAGACAAGCCCGTCAGGGCGCGTCAGCGGGTGTTGGCGGGTGTCGGGGCGCAGCCAT GACCCAGTCACGTAGCGATAGCGGAGTGTATACTGGCTTAACTATGCGGCATCAGAGCAGA TTGTACTGAGAGTGCACCATATATGCGGTGTGAAATACCGCACAGATGCGTAAGGAGAAAA TACCGCATCAGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTG CGGCGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATA ACGCAGGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCG CGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCA AGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCT CCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTC GGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTC GCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGT AACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGG TAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCT AACTACGGCTACACTAGAAGGACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTT CGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTT TTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATCTTT TCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGGTCATGAGATT ATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAA GTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCA GCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATA CGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGC TCCAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCA ACTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCA GTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTGCAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTT GGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTT GTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAG TGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGAT GCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCG AGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAACACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGT GCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGAT CCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCG TTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACAC GGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTTATT GTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGC ACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGACGTCTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAACCTA TAAAAATAGGCGTATCACGAGGCCCTTTCGTCTTCAAGAAT AvPAL ORF Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2): (SEQ ID NO: 2) ATGAAAACCCTGAGCCAGGCACAGAGCAAAACCAGCAGCCAGCAGTTTAGCTTTACCGGCA ATAGCAGCGCAAATGTGATTATTGGTAATCAGAAACTGACCATCAATGATGTTGCACGTGTT GCCCGTAATGGCACCCTGGTTAGCCTGACCAATAATACCGATATTCTGCAGGGTATTCAGGC CAGCTGTGATTATATCAATAATGCAGTTGAAAGCGGTGAACCGATTTATGGTGTTACCAGCG GTTTTGGTGGTATGGCAAATGTTGCAATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCAAGCGAACTGCAGACCAAT CTGGTTTGGTTTCTGAAAACCGGTGCAGGTAATAAACTGCCGCTGGCAGATGTTCGTGCAGC AATGCTGCTGCGTGCAAATAGCCACATGCGTGGTGCAAGCGGTATTCGTCTGGAACTGATTA AACGCATGGAAATCTTTCTGAATGCCGGTGTTACCCCGTATGTTTATGAATTTGGTAGCATTG GTGCCAGCGGTGATCTGGTTCCGCTGAGCTATATTACCGGTAGCCTGATTGGCCTGGACCCG AGCTTTAAAGTTGATTTTAATGGCAAAGAAATGGACGCACCGACCGCACTGCGTCAGCTGAA TCTGAGTCCGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGAAAGAAGGTCTGGCAATGATGAATGGCACCAGCGTTA TGACCGGTATTGCAGCAAATTGTGTTTATGATACCCAGATTCTGACCGCAATTGCAATGGGT GTTCATGCACTGGATATTCAGGCACTGAATGGTACAAATCAGAGCTTTCATCCGTTTATCCAT AACAGCAAACCGCATCCGGGTCAGCTGTGGGCAGCAGATCAGATGATTAGCCTGCTGGCCA ATAGCCAGCTGGTTCGTGATGAACTGGATGGTAAACATGATTATCGTGATCATGAACTGATC CAGGATCGTTATAGCCTGCGTTGTCTGCCGCAGTATCTGGGTCCGATTGTTGATGGTATTAGC CAGATTGCCAAACAAATCGAAATTGAGATTAACAGCGTTACCGATAACCCGCTGATTGATGT TGATAATCAGGCAAGCTATCATGGTGGTAATTTTCTGGGTCAGTATGTTGGTATGGGTATGG ATCATCTGCGCTATTATATCGGTCTGCTGGCAAAACATCTGGATGTTCAGATTGCACTGCTGG CATCACCGGAATTTAGCAATGGTCTGCCTCCGAGTCTGCTGGGTAATCGTGAACGTAAAGTT AATATGGGTCTGAAAGGTCTGCAGATTTGCGGTAATAGCATTATGCCGCTGCTGACCTTTTA TGGTAATAGTATTGCAGATCGTTTTCCGACCCATGCCGAACAGTTTAACCAGAATATTAACA GCCAGGGTTATACCAGCGCAACCCTGGCACGTCGTAGCGTTGATATTTTTCAGAATTATGTT GCCATTGCCCTGATGTTTGGTGTTCAGGCAGTTGATCTGCGTACCTACAAAAAAACCGGTCA TTATGATGCACGTGCCTGTCTGTCACCGGCAACCGAACGTCTGTATAGCGCAGTTCGTCATG TTGTTGGTCAGAAACCGACCTCAGATCGTCCGTATATTTGGAATGATAATGAACAGGGTCTG GATGAACATATTGCACGTATTAGTGCAGATATTGCAGCCGGTGGTGTTATTGTTCAGGCCGT TCAGGACATTCTGCCGTGTCTGCAT AvPAL WT Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3): (SEQ ID NO: 3) ATGAAAACCCTGAGCCAGGCACAGAGCAAAACCAGCAGCCAGCAGTTTAGCTTTACCGGCA ATAGCAGCGCAAATGTGATTATTGGTAATCAGAAACTGACCATCAATGATGTTGCACGTGTT GCCCGTAATGGCACCCTGGTTAGCCTGACCAATAATACCGATATTCTGCAGGGTATTCAGGC CAGCTGTGATTATATCAATAATGCAGTTGAAAGCGGTGAACCGATTTATGGTGTTACCAGCG GTTTTGGTGGTATGGCAAATGTTGCAATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCAAGCGAACTGCAGACCAAT CTGGTTTGGTTTCTGAAAACCGGTGCAGGTAATAAACTGCCGCTGGCAGATGTTCGTGCAGC AATGCTGCTGCGTGCAAATAGCCACATGCGTGGTGCAAGCGGTATTCGTCTGGAACTGATTA AACGCATGGAAATCTTTCTGAATGCCGGTGTTACCCCGTATGTTTATGAATTTGGTAGCATTG GTGCCAGCGGTGATCTGGTTCCGCTGAGCTATATTACCGGTAGCCTGATTGGCCTGGACCCG AGCTTTAAAGTTGATTTTAATGGCAAAGAAATGGACGCACCGACCGCACTGCGTCAGCTGAA TCTGAGTCCGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGAAAGAAGGTCTGGCAATGATGAATGGCACCAGCGTTA TGACCGGTATTGCAGCAAATTGTGTTTATGATACCCAGATTCTGACCGCAATTGCAATGGGT GTTCATGCACTGGATATTCAGGCACTGAATGGTACAAATCAGAGCTTTCATCCGTTTATCCAT AACAGCAAACCGCATCCGGGTCAGCTGTGGGCAGCAGATCAGATGATTAGCCTGCTGGCCA ATAGCCAGCTGGTTCGTGATGAACTGGATGGTAAACATGATTATCGTGATCATGAACTGATC CAGGATCGTTATAGCCTGCGTTGTCTGCCGCAGTATCTGGGTCCGATTGTTGATGGTATTAGC CAGATTGCCAAACAAATCGAAATTGAGATTAACAGCGTTACCGATAACCCGCTGATTGATGT TGATAATCAGGCAAGCTATCATGGTGGTAATTTTCTGGGTCAGTATGTTGGTATGGGTATGG ATCATCTGCGCTATTATATCGGTCTGCTGGCAAAACATCTGGATGTTCAGATTGCACTGCTGG CATCACCGGAATTTAGCAATGGTCTGCCTCCGAGTCTGCTGGGTAATCGTGAACGTAAAGTT AATATGGGTCTGAAAGGTCTGCAGATTTGCGGTAATAGCATTATGCCGCTGCTGACCTTTTA TGGTAATAGTATTGCAGATCGTTTTCCGACCCATGCCGAACAGTTTAACCAGAATATTAACA GCCAGGGTTATACCAGCGCAACCCTGGCACGTCGTAGCGTTGATATTTTTCAGAATTATGTT GCCATTGCCCTGATGTTTGGTGTTCAGGCAGTTGATCTGCGTACCTACAAAAAAACCGGTCA TTATGATGCACGTGCCTGTCTGTCACCGGCAACCGAACGTCTGTATAGCGCAGTTCGTCATG TTGTTGGTCAGAAACCGACCTCAGATCGTCCGTATATTTGGAATGATAATGAACAGGGTCTG GATGAACATATTGCACGTATTAGTGCAGATATTGCAGCCGGTGGTGTTATTGTTCAGGCCGT TCAGGACATTCTGCCGTGTCTGCAT AvPAL WT Polypeptide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4): (SEQ ID NO: 4) MKTLSQAQSKTSSQQFSFTGNSSANVIIGNQKLTINDVARVARNGTLVSLTNNTDILQGIQASCD YINNAVESGEPIYGVTSGFGGMANVAISREQASELQTNLVWFLKTGAGNKLPLADVRAAMLLR ANSHMRGASGIRLELIKRMEIFLNAGVTPYVYEFGSIGASGDLVPLSYITGSLIGLDPSFKVDFNG KEMDAPTALRQLNLSPLTLLPKEGLAMMGTSVMTGIAANCVYDTQILTAIAMGVHALDIQAL NGTNQSFHPFIHNSKPHPGQLWAADQMISLLANSQLVRDELDGKHDYRDGELIQDRYSLRCLPQ YLGPIVDGISQIAKQIEIEINSVTDNPLIDVDNQASYHGGNFLGQYVGMGMDHLRYYIGLLAKHL DVQIALLASPEFSNGLPPSLLGNRERKVNMGLKGLQICGNSIMPLLTFYGNSIADRFPTHAEQFNQ NINSQGYTSATLARRSVDIFQNYVAIALMFGVQAVDLRTYKKTGHYDARACLSPATERLYSAVR HVVGQKPTSDDRPYIWNDNEQGLDEHIARISADIAAGGVIVQAVQDILPCLH AvPAL Variant No. 1 Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5): (SEQ ID NO: 5) ATGAAAACCCTGAGTCAGGCACAGAGCAAAACCAGCAGCCAGCAGTTTAGCTTTACCGGCA ATAGCAGCGCAAATGTGATTATTGGTAATCAGAAACTGACCATCAATGATGTTGTACGTGTT GCCCGTAATGGCACCCTGGTTAGCCTGACCAATAATACCGATATTCTGCAGGGTATTCAGGC CAGCTGTGATTATATCAATAATGCAGTTGAAAGCGGTGAACCGATTTATGGTGTTACCAGCG GTTTTGGTGGTATGGCAAATGTTGTAATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCAAGCGAACTGCAGACCAAT CTGGTTTGGTTTCTGAAAACCGGTGCAGGTAATAAACTGCCGCTGGCAGATGTTCGTGCAGC AATGCTGCTGCGTGCAAATAGCCACATGCGTGGTGCAAGCGGTATTCGTCTGGAACTGATTA AACGCATGGAAATCTTTCTGAATGCCGGTGTTACCCCGTATGTTTATGAATTTGGTAGCATTG GTGCCAGCGGTGATCTGGTTCCGCTGAGCTATATTACCGGTAGCCTGATTGGCCTGGACCCG AGCTTTAAAGTTGATTTTAATGGCAAAGAAATGGACGCACCGACCGCACTGCGTCAGCTGAA TCTGAGTCCGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGAAAGAAGGTCTGGCAATGATGAATGGCACCAGCGTTA TGACCGGTATTGCAGCAAATTGTGTTTATGATACCCAGATTCTGACCGCAATTGCAATGGGT GTTCATGCACTGGATATTCAGGCACTGAATGGTACAAATCAGAGCTTTCATCCGTTTATCCAT AACAGCAAACCGCATCCGGGTCAGCTGTGGGCAGCAGATCAGATGATTAGCCTGCTGGCCG GTAGCCAGCTGGTTCGTGATGAACTGGATGGTAAACATGATTATCGTGATGGTGAACTGATC CAGGATCGTTATAGCCTGCGTTGTCTGCCGCAGTATCTGGGTCCGATTGTTGATGGTATTAGC CAGATTGCCAAACAAATCGAAATTGAGATTAACAGCGTTACCGATAACCCGCTGATTGATGT TGATAATCAGGCAAGCTATCATGGTGGTAATTTTCTGGGTCAGTATGTTGGTATGGGTATGG ATCATCTGCGCTATTATATCGGTCTGCTGGCAAAACATCTGGATGTTCAGATTGCACTGCTGG CATCACCGGAATTTAGCAATGGTCTGCCTCCGAGTCTGGTGGGTAATCGTGAACGTAAAGTT AATATGGGTCTGAAAGGTCTGCAGATTTGCGGTAATAGCATTATGCCGCTGCTGACCTTTTA TGGTAATAGTATTGCAGATCGTTTTCCGACCCATGCCGAACAGTTTAACCAGAATATTAACA GCCAGGGTTATACCAGCGCAACCCTGGCACGTCGTAGCGTTGATATTTTTCAGAATTATGTT GCCATTGCCCTGATGTTTGGTGTTCAGGCAGTTGATCTGCGTACCTACAAAAAAACCGGTCA TTATGATGCACGTGCCTGTCTGTCACCGGCAACCGAACGTCTGTATAGCGCAGTTCGTCATG TTGTTGGTCAGAAACCGAGCTCAGATCGTCCGTATATTTGGAATGATAATGAACAGGGTCTG GATGAACATATTGCACGTATTAGTGCAGATATTGCAGCCGGTGGTGTTATTGTTCAGGCCGT TCAGGACATTCTGCCGTGTCTGCAT AvPAL Variant No. 1 Polypeptide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6): (SEQ ID NO: 6) MKTLSQAQSKTSSQQFSFTGNSSANVIIGNQKLTINDVVRVARNGTLVSLTNNTDILQGIQASCD YINNAVESGEPIYGVTSGFGGMANVVISREQASELQTNLVWFLKTGAGNKLPLADVRAAMLLR ANSHMRGASGIRLELIKRMEIFLNAGVTPYVYEFGSIGASGDLVPLSYITGSLIGLDPSFKVDFNG KEMDAPTALRQLNLSPLTLLPKEGLAMMNGTSVMTGIAANCVYDTQILTAIAMGVHALDIQAL NGTNQSFHPFIHNSKPHPGQLWAADQMISLLAGSQLVRDELDGKHDYRDGELIQDRYSLRCLPQ YLGPIVDGISQIAKQIEIEINSVTDNPLIDVDNQASYHGGNFLGQYVGMGMDHLRYYIGLLAKHL DVQIALLASPEFSNGLPPSLVGNRERKVNMGLKGLQICGNSIMPLLTFYGNSIADRFPTHAEQFNQ NINSQGYTSATLARRSVDIFQNYVAIALMFGVQAVDLRTYKKTGHYDARACLSPATERLYSAVR HVVGQKPSSDRPYIWNDNEQGLDEHIARISADIAAGGVIVQAVQDILPCLH AvPAL Variant No. 2 Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7): (SEQ ID NO: 7) ATGAAAACCCTGAGCCAGGCACAGAGCAAAACCAGCAGCCAGCAGTTTAGCTTTACCGGCA ATAGCAGCGCAAATGTGATTATTGGTAATCAGAAACTGACCATCAATGATGTTGCACGTGTT GCCCGTAATGGCACCCTGGTTAGCCTGACCAATAATACCGATATTCTGCAGGGTATTCAGGC CAGCTGTGATTATATCAATAATGCAGTTGAAAGCGGTGAACCGATTTATGGTGTTACCAGCG GTTTTGGTGGTATGGCAAATGTTGCAATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCAAGCGAACTGCAGACCAAT CTGGTTTGGCACCTGAAAACCGGTGCAGGTAATAAACTGCCGCTGGCAGATGTTCGTGCAGC AATGCTGCTGCGTGCAAATAGCCACATGCGTGGTGCAAGCGGTATTCGTCTGGAACTGATTA AACGCATGGAAATCTTTCTGAATGCCGGTGTTACCCCGTATGTTTATGAATTTGGTAGCATTG GTGCCAGCGGTGATCTGGTTCCGCTGAGCTATATTACCGGTAGCCTGATTGGCCTGGACCCG AGCTTTAAAGTTGATTTTAATGGCAAAGAAATGGACGCACCGACCGCACTGCGTCAGCTGAA TCTGAGTCCGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGAAAGAAGGTCTGGCAATGATGAATGGCACCAGCGTTA TGACCGGTATTGCAGCAAATTGTGTTTATGATACCCAGATTCTGACCGCAATTGCAATGGGT GTTCATGCACTGGATATTCAGGCACTGAATGGTACAAATCAGAGCTTTCATCCGTTTATCCAT AACAGCAAACCGCATCCGGGTCAGCTGTGGGCAGCAGATCAGATGATTAGCCTGCTGGCCA ATAGCCAGCTGGTTCGTGATGAACTGGATGGTAAACATGATTATCGTGATCATGAACTGATC CAGGATCGTTATAGCCTGCGTTGTCTGCCGCAGTATCTGGGTCCGATTGTTGATGGTATTAGC CAGATTGCCAAACAAATCGAAATTGAGATTAACAGCGTTACCGATAACCCGCTGATTGATGT TGATAATCAGGCAAGCTATCATGGTGGTAATTTTCTGGGTCAGTATGTTGGTATGGGTATGG ATCATCTGCGCTATTATATCGGTCTGCTGGCAAAACATCTGGATGTTCAGATTGCACTGCTGG CATCACCGGAATTTAGCAATGGTCTGCCTCCGAGTCTGCTGGGTAATCGTGAACGTAAAGTT AATATGGGTCTGAAAGGTCTGCAGATTTGCGGTAATAGCATTATGCCGCTGCTGACCTTTTA TGGTAATAGTATTGCAGATCGTTTTCCGACCCATGCCGAACAGTTTAACCAGAATATTAACA GCCAGGGTTATACCAGCGCAACCCTGGCACGTCGTAGCGTTGATATTTTTCAGAATTATGTT GCCATTGCCCTGATGTTTGGTGTTCAGGCAGTTGATCTGCGTACCTACAAAAAAACCGGTCA TTATGATGCACGTGCCTGTCTGTCACCGGCAACCGAACGTCTGTATAGCGCAGTTCGTCATG TTGTTGGTCAGAAACCGACCTCAGATCGTCCGTATATTTGGAATGATAATGAACAGGGTCTG GATGAACATATTGCACGTATTAGTGCAGATATTGCAGCCGGTGGTGTTATTGTTCAGGCCGT TCAGGACATTCTGCCGTGTCTGCAT AvPAL Variant No. 2 Polypeptide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8): (SEQ ID NO: 8) MKTLSQAQSKTSSQQFSFTGNSSANVIIGNQKLTINDVARVARNGTLVSLTNNTDILQGIQASCD YINNAVESGEPIYGVTSGFGGMANVAISREQASELQTNLVWHLKTGAGNKLPLADVRAAMLLR ANSHMRGASGIRLELIKRMEIFLNAGVTPYVYEFGSIGASGDLVPLSYITGSLIGLDPSFKVDFNG KEMDAPTALRQLNLSPLTLLPKEGLAMMNGTSVMTGIAANCVYDTQILTAIAMGVHALDIQAL NGTNQSFHPFIHNSKPHPGQLWAADQMISLLANSQLVRDELDGKHDYRDHELIQDRYSLRCLPQ YLGPIVDGISQIAKQIEIEINSVTDNPLIDVDNQASYHGGNFLGQYVGMGMDHLRYYIGLLAKHL DVQIALLASPEFSNGLPPSLLGNRERKVNMGLKGLQICGNSIMPLLTFYGNSIADRFPTHAEQFNQ NINSQGYTSATLARRSVDIFQNYVAIALMFGVQAVDLRTYKKTGHYDARACLSPATERLYSAVR HVVGQKPTSDRPYIWNDNEQGLDEHIARISADIAAGGVIVQAVQDILPCLH AvPAL Variant No. 3 Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9): (SEQ ID NO: 9) ATGAAAACCCTGAGTCAGGCACAGAGCAAAACCAGCAGCCAGCAGTTTAGCTTTACCGGCA ATAGCAGCGCAAATGTGATTATTGGTAATCAGAAACTGACCATCAATGATGTTGTACGTGTT GCCCGTAATGGCACCCTGGTTAGCCTGACCAATAATACCGATATTCTGCAGGGTATTCAGGC CAGCTGTGATTATATCAATAATGCAGTTGAAAGCGGTGAACCGATTTATGGTGTTACCAGCG GTTTTGGTGGTATGGCAAATGTTGTAATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCAAGCGAACTGCAGACCAAT CTGGTTTGGCACCTGAAAACCGGTGCAGGTAATAAACTGCCGCTGGCAGATGTTCGTGCAGC AATGCTGCTGCGTGCAAATAGCCACATGCGTGGTGCAAGCGGTATTCGTCTGGAACTGATTA AACGCATGGAAATCTTTCTGAATGCCGGTGTTACCCCGTATGTTTATGAATTTGGTAGCATTG GTGCCAGCGGTGATCTGGTTCCGCTGAGCTATATTACCGGTAGCCTGATTGGCCTGGACCCG AGCTTTAAAGTTGATTTTAATGGCAAAGAAATGGACGCACCGACCGCACTGCGTCAGCTGAA TCTGAGTCCGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGAAAGAAGGTCTGGCAATGATGAATGGCACCAGCGTTA TGACCGGTATTGCAGCAAATTGTGTTTATGATACCCAGATTCTGACCGCAATTGCAATGGGT GTTCATGCACTGGATATTCAGGCACTGAATGGTACAAATCAGAGCTTTCATCCGTTTATCCAT AACAGCAAACCGCATCCGGGTCAGCTGTGGGCAGCAGATCAGATGATTAGCCTGCTGGCCG GTAGCCAGCTGGTTCGTGATGAACTGGATGGTAAACATGATTATCGTGATGGTGAACTGATC CAGGATCGTTATAGCCTGCGTTGTCTGCCGCAGTATCTGGGTCCGATTGTTGATGGTATTAGC CAGATTGCCAAACAAATCGAAATTGAGATTAACAGCGTTACCGATAACCCGCTGATTGATGT TGATAATCAGGCAAGCTATCATGGTGGTAATTTTCTGGGTCAGTATGTTGGTATGGGTATGG ATCATCTGCGCTATTATATCGGTCTGCTGGCAAAACATCTGGATGTTCAGATTGCACTGCTGG CATCACCGGAATTTAGCAATGGTCTGCCTCCGAGTCTGGTGGGTAATCGTGAACGTAAAGTT AATATGGGTCTGAAAGGTCTGCAGATTTGCGGTAATAGCATTATGCCGCTGCTGACCTTTTA TGGTAATAGTATTGCAGATCGTTTTCCGACCCATGCCGAACAGTTTAACCAGAATATTAACA GCCAGGGTTATACCAGCGCAACCCTGGCACGTCGTAGCGTTGATATTTTTCAGAATTATGTT GCCATTGCCCTGATGTTTGGTGTTCAGGCAGTTGATCTGCGTACCTACAAAAAAACCGGTCA TTATGATGCACGTGCCTGTCTGTCACCGGCAACCGAACGTCTGTATAGCGCAGTTCGTCATG TTGTTGGTCAGAAACCGAGCTCAGATCGTCCGTATATTTGGAATGATAATGAACAGGGTCTG GATGAACATATTGCACGTATTAGTGCAGATATTGCAGCCGGTGGTGTTATTGTTCAGGCCGT TCAGGACATTCTGCCGTGTCTGCAT AvPAL Variant No. 3 Polypeptide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10): (SEQ ID NO: 10) MKTLSQAQSKTSSQQFSFTGNSSANVIIGNQKLTINDVVRVARNGTLVSLTNNTDILQGIQASCD YINNAVESGEPIYGVTSGFGGMANVVISREQASELQTNLVWHLKTGAGNKLPLADVRAAMLLR ANSHMRGASGIRLELIKRMEIFLNAGVTPYVYEFGSIGASGDLVPLSYITGSLIGLDPSFKVDFNG KEMDAPTALRQLNLSPLTLLPKEGLAMMNGTSVMTGIAANCVYDTQILTAIAMGVHALDIQAL NGTNQSFHPFIHNSKPHPGQLWAADQMISLLAGSQLVRDELDGKHDYRDGELIQDRYSLRCLPQ YLGPIVDGISQIAKQIEIEINSVTDNPLIDVDNQASYHGGNFLGQYVGMGMDHLRYYIGLLAKHL DVQIALLASPEFSNGLPPSLVGNRERKVNMGLKGLQICGNSIMPLLTFYGNSIADRFPTHAEQFNQ NINSQGYTSATLARRSVDIFQNYVAIALMFGVQAVDLRTYKKTGHYDARACLSPATERLYSAVR HVVGQKPSSDRPYIWNDNEQGLDEHIARISADIAAGGVIVQAVQDILPCLH AvPAL Variant No. 17 Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11): (SEQ ID NO: 11) ATGAAAACCCTGAGTCAGGCACAGAGCAAAACCAGCAGCCAGCAGTTTAGCTTTACCGGCA ATAGCAGCGCAAATGTGATTATTGGTAATCAGAAACTGACCATCAATGATGTTGTACGTGTT GCCCGTAATGGCACCCTGGTTAGCCTGACCAATAATACCGATATTCTGCAGGGTATTCAGGC CAGCTGTGATTATATCAATAATGCAGTTGAAAGCGGTGAACCGATGTATGGTGTTACCAGCG GTTTTGGTGGTATGGCAAATGTTGTAATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCAAGCGAACTGCAGACCAAT CTGGTTTGGCACCTGAAAACCGGTGCAGGTAATAAACTGCCGCTGGCAGATGTTCGTGCAGC AATGCTGCTGCGTGCAAATAGCCACATGCGTGGTGCAAGCGGTATTCGTCTGGAACTGATTA AACGCATGGAAATCTTTCTGAATGCCGGTGTTACCCCGTATGTTTATGAATTTGGTAGCATTG GTGCCAGCGGTGATCTGGTTCCGCTGAGCTATATTACCGGTAGCCTGATTGGCCTGGACCCG AGCTTTAAAGTTGATTTTAATGGCAAAGAAATGGACGCACCGACCGCACTGCGTCAGCTGAA TCTGAGTCCGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGAAAGAAGGTCTGGCAATGATGAATGGCACCAGCGTTA TGACCGGTATTGCAGCAAATTGTGTTTATGATACCCAGATTCTGACCGCAATTGCAATGGGT GTTCATGCACTGGATATTCAGGCACTGAATGGTACAAATCAGAGCTTTCATCCGTTTATCCAT AACAGCAAACCGCATCCGGGTCAGCTGTGGGCAGCAGATCAGATGATTAGCCTGCTGGCCG GTAGCCAGCTGGTTCGTGATGAACTGGATGGTAAACATGATTATCGTGATGGTGAACTGATC CAGGATCGTTATAGCCTGCGTTGTCTGCCGCAGTATCTGGGTCCGATTGTTGATGGTATTAGC CAGATTGCCAAACAAATCGAAATTGAGATTAACAGCGTTACCGATAACCCGCTGATTGATGT TGATAATCAGGCAAGCTATCATGGTGGTAATTTTCTGGGTCAGTATGTTGGTATGGGTATGG ATCATCTGCGCTATTATATCGGTCTGCTGGCAAAACATCTGGATGTTCAGATTGCACTGCTGG CATCACCGGAATTTAGCAATGGTCTGCCTCCGAGTCTGGTGGGTAATCGTGAACGTAAAGTT AATATGGGTCTGAAAGGTCTGCAGATTTGCGGTAATAGCATTATGCCGCTGCTGACCTTTTA TGGTAATAGTATTGCAGATCGTTTTCCGACCCATGCCGAACAGTTTAACCAGAATATTAACA GCCAGGGTTATACCAGCGCAACCCTGGCACGTCGTAGCGTTGATATTTTTCAGAATTATGTT GCCATTGCCCTGATGTTTGGTGTTCAGGCAGTTGATCTGCGTACCTACAAAAAAACCGGTCA TTATGATGCACGTGCCTGTCTGTCACCGGCAACCGAACGTCTGTATAGCGCAGTTCGTCATG TTGTTGGTCAGAAACCGAGCTCAGATCGTCCGTATATTTGGAATGATAATGAACAGGGTCTG GATGAACATATTGCACGTATTAGTGCAGATATTGCAGCCGGTGGTGTTATTGTTCAGGCCGT TCAGGACATTCTGCCGTGTCTGCAT AvPAL Variant No. 17 Polypeptide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 12): (SEQ ID NO: 12) MKTLSQAQSKTSSQQFSFTGNSSANVIIGNQKLTINDVVRVARNGTLVSLTNNTDILQGI QASCDYINNAVESGEPMYGVTSGFGGMANVVISREQASELQTNLVWHLKTGAGNKLPLADVRA AMLLRANSHMRGASGIRLELIKRMEIFLNAGVTPYVYEFGSIGASGDLVPLSYITGSLIGLDPSFK VDFNGKEMDAPTALRQLNLSPLTLLPKEGLAMMNGTSVMTGIAANCVYDTQILTAIAMGVHAL DIQALNGTNQSFHPFIHNSKPHPGQLWAADQMISLLAGSQLVRDELDGKHDYRDGELIQDRYSL RCLPQYLGPIVDGISQIAKQIEIEINSVTDNPLIDVDNQASYHGGNFLGQYVGMGMDHLRYYIGLL AKHLDVQIALLASPEFSNGLPPSLVGNRERKVNMGLKGLQICGNSIMPLLTFYGNSIADRFPTHAE QFNQNINSQGYTSATLARRSVDIFQNYVAIALMFGVQAVDLRTYKKTGHYDARACLSPATERLY SAVRHVVGQKPSSDRPYIWNDNEQGLDEHIARISADIAAGGVIVQAVQDILPCLH AvPAL Variant No. 116 Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13): (SEQ ID NO: 13) ATGAAAACCCTGAGTCAGGCACAGAGCAAAACCAGCAGCCAGCAGTTTAGCTTTACCGGCA ATAGCAGCGCAAATGTGATTATTGGTAATCAGAAACTGACCATCAATGATGTTGTACGTGTT GCCCGTAATGGCACCCTGGTTAGCCTGACCAATAATACCGATATTCTGCAGGGTATTCAGGC CAGCTGTGATTATATCAATAATGCAGTTGAAAGCGGTGAACCGATGTATGGTGTTACCAGCG GTTTTGGTGGTATGGCAAATGTTGTAATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCCAGCGAACTGCAGACCAAT CTGGTTTGGCACCTGAAAACCGGTGCAGGTAATAAACTGCCGCTGGCAGATGTTCGTGCAGC AATGCTGCTGCGTGCAAATAGCCACATGCGTGGTGCAAGCGGTATTCGTCTGGAACTGATTA AACGCATGGAAATCTTTCTGAATGCCGGTGTTACCCCGTATGTTTATGAATTTGGTAGCATTG GTGCCAGCGGTGATCTGGTTCCGCTGAGCTATATTACCGGTAGCCTGATTGGCCTGGACCCG AGCTTTAAAGTTGATTTTAATGGCAAAGAAATGGACGCACCGACCGCACTGCGTCAGCTGAA TCTGAGTCCGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGAAAGAAGGTCTGGCAATGATGAATGGCACCAGCGTTA TGACCGGTATTGCAGCAAATTGTGTTTATGATACCCAGATTCTGACCGCAATTGCAATGGGT GTTCATGCACTGGATATTCAGGCACTGAATGGTACAAATCAGAGCTTTCATCCGTTTATCCAT AACAGCAAACCGCATCCGGGTCAGCTGTGGGCAGCAGATCAGATGATTAGCCTGCTGGCCG GTAGCCAGCTGGTTCGTGATGAACTGGATGGTAAACATGATTATCGTGATGGTGAACTGATC CAGGATCGTTATGCGCTGCGTTGTCTGCCGCAGTATCTGGGTCCGATTGTTGATGGTATTAGC CAGATTGCCAAACAAATCGAAATTGAGATTAACAGCGTTACCGATAACCCGCTGATTGATGT TGATAATCAGGCAAGCTATCATGGTGGTAATTTTATGGGTCAGTATGTTGGTATGGGTATGG ATCATCTGCGCTATTATATCGGTCTGCTGGCAAAACATCTGGATGTTACCATTGCACTGCTGG CATCACCGGAATTTAGCATGGGTCTGCCTCCGAGTCTGGTGGGTAATCGTGAACGTAAAGTT AATATGGGTCTGAAAGGTCTGCAGATTTGCGGTAATAGCATTATGCCGCTGCTGACCTTTTA TGGTAATAGTATTGCAGATCGTTTTCCGACCCATGCCGAACAGTTTAACCAGTGCATTAACA GCCAGGGTTATACCAGCGCAACCCTGGCACGTCGTAGCGTTGATATTTTTCAGAATTATGTT GCCATTGCCCTGATGTTTGGTGTTCAGGCAGTTGATCTGAGGACCTACAAAAAAACCGGTCA TTATGATGCACGTGCCTGTCTGTCACCGGCAACCGAACGTCTGTATAGCGCAGTTCGTCATG TTGTTGGTCAGAAACCGAGCTCAGATCGTCCGTATATTTGGAATGATAATGAACAGGGTCTG GATGAACATATTGCACGTATTAGTGCAGATATTGCAGCCGGTGGTGTTATTGTTCAGGCCGT TCAGGACATTCTGCCGTGTCTGCAT AvPAL Variant No. 116 Polypeptide Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 14): (SEQ ID NO: 14) MKTLSQAQSKTSSQQFSFTGNSSANVIIGNQKLTINDVVRVARNGTLVSLTNNTDILQGIQASCD YINNAVESGEPMYGVTSGFGGMANVVISREQASELQTNLVWHLKTGAGNKLPLADVRAAMLL RANSHMRGASGIRLELIKRMEIFLNAGVTPYVYEFGSIGASGDLVPLSYITGSLIGLDPSFKVDFNG KEMDAPTALRQLNLSPLTLLPKEGLAMMNGTSVMTGIAANCVYDTQILTAIAMGVHALDIQAL NGTNQSFHPFIHNSKPHPGQLWAADQMISLLAGSQLVRDELDGKHDYRDGELIQDRYALRCLPQ YLGPIVDGISQIAKQIEIEINSVTDNPLIDVDNQASYHGGNFMGQYVGMGMDHLRYYIGLLAKHL DVTIALLASPEFSMGLPPSLVGNRERKVNMGLKGLQICGNSIMPLLTFYGNSIADRFPTHAEQFNQ CINSQGYTSATLARRSVDIFQNYVAIALMFGVQAVDLRTYKKTGHYDARACLSPATERLYSAVR HVVGQKPSSDRPYIWNDNEQGLDEHIARISADIAAGGVIVQAVQDILPCLH Expression Vector pCK100900i (SEQ ID NO: 15): (SEQ ID NO: 15) TGGCCACCATCACCATCACCATTAGGGAAGAGCAGATGGGCAAGCTTGACCTGTGAAGTGA AAAATGGCGCACATTGTGCGACATTTTTTTTTGAATTCTACGTAAAAAGCAGCCGATACATC GGCTGCTTTTTTTTTGNNNGAGGTTCCAACTTGTGGTATAATGAAATAAGATCACTCCGGAG CGTATTTTTTGAGTTATCGAGATTTTCAGGAGCTAAGGAGGAACTAAAATGGAGAAAAAAAT CACTGGATATACCACCGTTGATATATCCCAATGGCATCGTAAAGAACATTTTGAGGCATTTC AGTCAGTTGCTCAATGTACCTATAACCAGACCGTTCAGCTGGATATTACGGCCTTTTTAAAG ACCGTAAAGAAAAATAAGCACAAGTTTTATCCGGCCTTTATTCACATTCTTGCCCGCCTGAT GAATGCTCATCCGGAGTTCCGTATGGCAATGAAAGACGGTGAGCTGGTGATATGGGATAGT GTTCACCCTTGTTACACCGTTTTCCATGAGCAAACTGAAACGTTTTCATCGCTCTGGAGTGAA TACCACGACGATTTCCGGCAGTTTCTACACATATATTCGCAAGATGTGGCGTGTTACGGTGA AAACCTGGCCTATTTCCCTAAAGGGTTTATTGAGAATATGTTTTTCGTCTCAGCCAATCCCTG GGTGAGTTTCACCAGTTTTGATTTAAACGTGGCCAATATGGACAACTTCTTCGCCCCCGTTTT CACCATGGGCAAATATTATACGCAAGGCGACAAGGTGCTGATGCCGCTGGCGATTCAGGTTC ATCATGCCGTCTGTGATGGCTTCCATGTCGGCAGAATGCTTAATGAATTACAACAGTACTGC GATGAGTGGCAGGGCGGGGCGTAACTGCAGGAGCTCAAACAGCAGCCTGTATTCAGGCTGC TTTTTTCGTTTTGGTCTGCGCGTAATCTCTTGCTCTGAAAACGAAAAAACCGCCTTGCAGGGC GGTTTTTCGAAGGTTCTCTGAGCTACCAACTCTTTGAACCGAGGTAACTGGCTTGGAGGAGC GCAGTCACCAAAACTTGTCCTTTCAGTTTAGCCTTAACCGGCGCATGACTTCAAGACTAACT CCTCTAAATCAATTACCAGTGGCTGCTGCCAGTGGTGCTTTTGCATGTCTTTCCGGGTTGGAC TCAAGACGATAGTTACCGGATAAGGCGCAGCGGTCGGACTGAACGGGGGGTTCGTGCATAC AGTCCAGCTTGGAGCGAACTGCCTACCCGGAACTGAGTGTCAGGCGTGGAATGAGACAAAC GCGGCCATAACAGCGGAATGACACCGGTAAACCGAAAGGCAGGAACAGGAGAGCGCACGA GGGAGCCGCCAGGGGGAAACGCCTGGTATCTTTATAGTCCTGTCGGGTTTCGCCACCACTGA TTTGAGCGTCAGATTTCGTGATGCTTGTCAGGGGGGCGGAGCCTATGGAAAAACGGCTTTGC CGCGGCCCTCTCACTTCCCTGTTAAGTATCTTCCTGGCATCTTCCAGGAAATCTCCGCCCCGT TCGTAAGCCATTTCCGCTCGCCGCAGTCGAACGACCGAGCGTAGCGAGTCAGTGAGCGAGG AAGCGGAATATATCCTGTATCACATATTCTGCTGACGCACCGGTGCAGCCTTTTTTCTCCTGC CACATGAAGCACTTCACTGACACCCTCATCAGTGAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTT AGGCCTATGGCCTTTTTTTTTTNTGNNAAACCTTTCGCGGTATGGNATNANAGCGCCCGGAA GAGAGTCAATTAAGAGGGTGGTGAATGTGAAACCAGTAACGTTATACGATGTCGCAGAGTA TGCCGGTGTCTCTTATCAGACCGTTTCCCGCGTGGTGAACCAGGCCAGCCACGTTTCTGCGA AAACGCGGGAAAAAGTGGAAGCGGCGATGGCGGAGCTGAATTACATTCCCAACCGCGTGGC ACAACAACTGGCGGGCAAACAGTCGTTGCTGATTGGCGTTGCCACCTCCAGTCTGGCCCTGC ACGCGCCGTCGCAAATTGTCGCGGCGATTAAATCTCGCGCCGATCAACTGGGTGCCAGCGTG GTGGTGTCGATGGTAGAACGAAGCGGCGTCGAAGCCTGTAAAGCGGCGGTGCACAATCTTC TCGCGCAACGCGTCAGTGGGCTGATCATTAACTATCCGCTGGATGACCAGGATGCCATTGCT GTGGAAGCTGCCTGCACTAATGTTCCGGCGTTATTTCTTGATGTCTCTGACCAGACACCCATC AACAGTATTATTTTCTCCCATGAAGACGGTACGCGACTGGGCGTGGAGCATCTGGTCGCATT GGGTCACCAGCAAATCGCGCTGTTAGCGGGCCCATTAAGTTCTGTCTCGGCGCGTCTGCGTC TGGCTGGCTGGCATAAATATCTCACTCGCAATCAAATTCAGCCGATAGCGGAACGGGAAGG CGACTGGAGTGCCATGTCCGGTTTTCAACAAACCATGCAAATGCTGAATGAGGGCATCGTTC CCACTGCGATGCTGGTTGCCAACGATCAGATGGCGCTGGGCGCAATGCGCGCCATTACCGAG TCCGGGCTGCGCGTTGGTGCGGACATCTCGGTAGTGGGATACGACGATACCGAAGACAGCT CATGTTATATCCCGCCGTTAACCACCATCAAACAGGATTTTCGCCTGCTGGGGCAAACCAGC GTGGACCGCTTGCTGCAACTCTCTCAGGGCCAGGCGGTGAAGGGCAATCAGCTGTTGCCCGT CTCACTGGTGAAAAGAAAAACCACCCTGGCGCCCAATACGCAAACCGCCTCTCCCCGCGCGT TGGCCGATTCATTAATGCAGCTGGCACGACAGGTTTCCCGACTGGAAAGCGGGCAGTGAGC GGTACCCGATAAAAGCGGCTTCCTGACAGGAGGCCGTTTTGTTTCTCGAGTTAATTAAGGCA GTGAGCGCAACGCAATTAATGTGAGTTAGCTCACTCATTAGGCACCCCAGGCTTTACACTTT ATGCTTCCGGCTCGTATGTTGTGTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAG CTATGACCATGATTACGGATTCACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACAATCTAGAGGCCAGCCTGGCCAT AAGGAGATATACATATGGGCCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCATCACAGCAGCGGCCAT ATCGAAGGTCGTCATATGAAAACCCTGAGCCAGGCACAGAGCAAAACCAGCAGCCAGCAGT TTAGCTTTACCGGCAATAGCAGCGCAAATGTGATTATTGGTAATCAGAAACTGACCATCAAT GATGTTGCACGTGTTGCCCGTAATGGCACCCTGGTTAGCCTGACCAATAATACCGATATTCT GCAGGGTATTCAGGCCAGCTGTGATTATATCAATAATGCAGTTGAAAGCGGTGAACCGATTT ATGGTGTTACCAGCGGTTTTGGTGGTATGGCAAATGTTGCAATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCAAGC GAACTGCAGACCAATCTGGTTTGGTTTCTGAAAACCGGTGCAGGTAATAAACTGCCGCTGGC AGATGTTCGTGCAGCAATGCTGCTGCGTGCAAATAGCCACATGCGTGGTGCAAGCGGTATTC GTCTGGAACTGATTAAACGCATGGAAATCTTTCTGAATGCCGGTGTTACCCCGTATGTTTATG AATTTGGTAGCATTGGTGCCAGCGGTGATCTGGTTCCGCTGAGCTATATTACCGGTAGCCTG ATTGGCCTGGACCCGAGCTTTAAAGTTGATTTTAATGGCAAAGAAATGGACGCACCGACCGC ACTGCGTCAGCTGAATCTGAGTCCGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGAAAGAAGGTCTGGCAATGATGA ATGGCACCAGCGTTATGACCGGTATTGCAGCAAATTGTGTTTATGATACCCAGATTCTGACC GCAATTGCAATGGGTGTTCATGCACTGGATATTCAGGCACTGAATGGTACAAATCAGAGCTT TCATCCGTTTATCCATAACAGCAAACCGCATCCGGGTCAGCTGTGGGCAGCAGATCAGATGA TTAGCCTGCTGGCCAATAGCCAGCTGGTTCGTGATGAACTGGATGGTAAACATGATTATCGT GATCATGAACTGATCCAGGATCGTTATAGCCTGCGTTGTCTGCCGCAGTATCTGGGTCCGAT TGTTGATGGTATTAGCCAGATTGCCAAACAAATCGAAATTGAGATTAACAGCGTTACCGATA ACCCGCTGATTGATGTTGATAATCAGGCAAGCTATCATGGTGGTAATTTTCTGGGTCAGTAT GTTGGTATGGGTATGGATCATCTGCGCTATTATATCGGTCTGCTGGCAAAACATCTGGATGTT CAGATTGCACTGCTGGCATCACCGGAATTTAGCAATGGTCTGCCTCCGAGTCTGCTGGGTAA TCGTGAACGTAAAGTTAATATGGGTCTGAAAGGTCTGCAGATTTGCGGTAATAGCATTATGC CGCTGCTGACCTTTTATGGTAATAGTATTGCAGATCGTTTTCCGACCCATGCCGAACAGTTTA ACCAGAATATTAACAGCCAGGGTTATACCAGCGCAACCCTGGCACGTCGTAGCGTTGATATT TTTCAGAATTATGTTGCCATTGCCCTGATGTTTGGTGTTCAGGCAGTTGATCTGCGTACCTAC AAAAAAACCGGTCATTATGATGCACGTGCCTGTCTGTCACCGGCAACCGAACGTCTGTATAG CGCAGTTCGTCATGTTGTTGGTCAGAAACCGACCTCAGATCGTCCGTATATTTGGAATGATA ATGAACAGGGTCTGGATGAACATATTGCACGTATTAGTGCAGATATTGCAGCCGGTGGTGTT ATTGTTCAGGCCGTTCAGGACATTCTGCCGTGTCTGCATTAAGGCCAAAC

Example 1 TAL Gene Acquisition and Construction of Expression Vectors

A synthetic gene encoding Anabaena variabilis phenylalanine ammonia lyase (AvPAL) plasmid DNA optimized for expression in E. coli was cloned into the E. coli expression vector pET16b to provide pET16b-AvPAL (SEQ ID NO:1). The AvPAL open reading frame (SEQ ID NO:2) was amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotides: PAL-pCK-F and PAL-pCK-R and subcloned into the expression vector pCK100900i (SEQ ID NO:15).

Primer Sequence 5′ to 3′ SEQ ID NO: PAL- CTAGAGGCCAGCCTGGCCATAAGGAGATATACAT SEQ ID NO: 16 pCK-F ATGAAAACCCTGAGCCAGGCAC PAL- GATGGTGATGGTGGCCAGTTTGGCCTTAATGCAG SEQ ID NO: 17 pCK-R ACACGGCAGAATG

This plasmid construct was transformed into an E. coli strain derived from W3110. Directed evolution techniques generally known by those skilled in the art were used to generate libraries of gene variants from this plasmid construct (See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,383,346 and WO2010/144103) and screened to identify variants resistant to both trypsin and chymotrypsin (See, U.S. Prov. Pat. Appln. No. 61/897,932, filed Oct. 31, 2013, incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety). Targeted mutagenesis of WT AvPAL (SEQ ID NO:4) and an evolved variant resistant to proteolytic degradation (SEQ ID NO:6) was performed to generate the F107H variants of these enzymes (SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, and SEQ ID NO:14).

Example 2 Lyophilized Lysates from Shake Flask (SF) Cultures

E. coli cultures transformed with plasmids containing PAL variants were plated onto Luria Broth-agar plates with 1% glucose and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol and grown overnight at 37° C. A single colony from each culture was transferred to 50 ml of Luria Broth with 1% glucose and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol. The cultures were grown for 18 h at 30° C., 250 rpm, and subcultured approximately 1:10 into 250 ml of Terrific Broth with 30 μg/ml of chloramphenicol, to a final OD600 of 0.2. The cultures were grown 135 minutes at 30° C., 250 rpm, to an OD600 of 0.6-0.8 and induced with 1 mM of IPTG. The cultures were grown for 20 h at 30° C., 250 rpm. Cultures were centrifuged 4000 rpm×10 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellets were resuspended in 30 ml of 50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0. Cells were pelleted (3500×g for 10 min), resuspended in 35 ml of 50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, and lysed using single pass through a microfluidizer (Optimal), at 110 psi. The lysate was pelleted (10,000×g for 30 min) and the supernatant was frozen and lyophilized to generate a powder containing the expressed enzyme.

Example 3 Demonstration of Initial Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase Activity

E. coli transformed with plasmids containing SEQ ID NO:3, 5, 7, or 9 were grown in Luria Broth-agar plates with 1% glucose and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol shake flask cultures and the TAL genes expressed and prepared as described in Example 2. The resulting lyophilized powders were dissolved in buffer, serially diluted, and assayed against 25 mM Phe or 3 mM Tyr in 100 mM sodium phosphate at pH 7.0. The reaction components were mixed briefly and the activity was determined by tracking the absorbance at 290 nm (phenylalanine) or 310 nm (tyrosine) over time (every 12-20s over 5-20 min) using a SpectraMax® Plus³⁸⁴ or a SpectraMax® 190 (Molecular Devices) absorbance microplate reader. Variants without the F107H mutation (SEQ ID NOS:4 and 6) each showed significant activity versus phenylalanine, but no detectable activity versus tyrosine. Variants that comprise the F107H mutation (SEQ ID NOS:8 and 10) showed decreased activity versus Phe and detectable activity versus Tyr. The results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

Example 4 High-Throughput (HTP) Growth and Assays

In this Example, methods used for high throughput growth and assays are described.

High-Throughput (HTP) Growth of TAL and TAL Variants:

Transformed E. coli cells were selected by plating onto LB agar plates containing 1% glucose and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol. After overnight incubation at 37° C., colonies were picked onto NUNC™ (Thermo-Scientific) 96-well shallow flat bottom plates filled with 180 μl/well LB-medium supplemented with 1% glucose and 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol. Cultures were allowed to grow overnight for 18-20 hours in a shaker (200 rpm, 30° C., and 85% relative humidity; Kuhner). Overnight growth samples (20 μL) were transferred into Costar 96-well deep plates filled with 380 μL of Terrific Broth supplemented with 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol. Cultures were incubated for 135 minutes in a shaker (250 rpm, 30° C., and 85% relative humidity; Kuhner) and then induced with 40 μL of 10 mM IPTG in sterile water and incubated overnight for 20-24 hours in a shaker (250 rpm, 30° C., and 85% relative humidity; Kuhner). Two replicate cultures were combined, cells were pelleted (4000 rpm×20 min), supernatants were discarded, and cells were frozen at −80° C. prior to analysis.

Lysis of HTP Pellets:

First, 200-225 μL of lysis buffer (B-PER (Pierce), with 1 mg/ml lysozyme) was added to cell pellets. The mixture was agitated for 1 h at room temperature, and pelleted (4000 rpm×10 min) after which the clarified lysates were used in HTP assays. Analysis of these lysates by SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of an overexpressed protein at an apparent MW of 61 kDa consistent with the expected MW of TAL.

In some cases, lysis including B-PER was found to lead to a background signal that interfered with the analysis. In these cases an alternative lysis method was used. In this method, 200 μL of lysis buffer (1 mg/ml lysozyme+0.5 g/L PMBS in 20 mM TRIS pH 7.5) were added to cell pellets. The mixture was agitated for 2 hours at room temperature, and pelleted (4000 rpm×10 min) after which the clarified lysates were used in HTP assays.

Analysis of Clarified Lysates:

TAL variant activity was assayed by measuring the formation of coumaric acid as determined by the change in absorbance at 290 nm over time. Reactions were prepared by the addition of 150-180 μL of 200 mM sodium phosphate, 2.2 mM tyrosine, pH 7.0 and 20-50 μL of clarified lysate to a polyacrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635, Corning). The reactions were mixed briefly and the activity was determined by tracking the absorbance at 290 nm over time (every 12-60s over 5-120 min) using a SpectraMax® Plus³⁸⁴ or a SpectraMax® 190 (Molecular Devices) absorbance microplate reader. The results of this assay are shown in Tables 4-1, 4-3, and 4-5.

In certain cases it was found to be beneficial to measure the activity of TAL variants at low tyrosine concentrations (e.g., less than 500 μM, or less than 100 μM). In these cases, the amount of coumarate generated may be below the limit of quantitation for the assay described above. Thus, enzymatic activity must be measured by alternative means. One approach is to monitor absorbance at long time points rather than via the continuous method described above. Reactions were prepared by adding 180 μL of 200 mM sodium phosphate, 0.1-2.5 mM tyrosine, pH 7.0 and 20 μL of clarified lysate to a polyacrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635, Corning). The reactions were mixed briefly and an initial absorbance was determined by measuring the absorbance at 290 nm using a SpectraMax® Plus³⁸⁴ or a SpectraMax® 190 (Molecular Devices) absorbance microplate reader. After incubation at 37° C. for 1-5 h with 800 rpm shaking, the final absorbance was measured in a similar fashion. Activity was determined by subtracting the initial from the final absorbance and results are shown in Tables 4.-2, 4-4, and 4-6.

In another assay system, ammonia generated by TAL activity is monitored by a rapid ammonia assay (e.g., the rapid ammonia assay kit available from Megazyme). Briefly, in this assay, 150-180 μL of 200 mM sodium phosphate, 0.01-1 mM tyrosine, pH 7.0 and 20-50 μL of clarified lysate are added to a 96-well polyacrylate plate. After brief mixing, the plate is incubated at 37° C. for 10-600 min. Then, 200 μL of water, 10 μL of sample, 20 μL of Megazyme NADPH solution and 30 μL of Megazyme buffer solution are added to the wells of a NUNC™ (Thermo Scientific) 96 well flat bottom plate. The mixture is agitated for 2 minutes, 2 μL of a GIDH suspension (Megazyme) is added to the reaction, and the absorbance is monitored at 340 nm.

In yet another assay system, production of coumarate is followed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as known in the art (See, Geetha et al., Int. J. Phytomed., 3:319-324 [2011]). Reactions conducted as described above are quenched by adding 100 μL of the reaction mix to 100 μL of MeOH and 0.1% formic acid, mixing for 10 min, and centrifuging the samples at 3500×g for 10 min. Chromatography is performed by injecting 50 μL of clarified supernatant onto a Luna 5 μm C18 column (250×4.6 mm) (Phenomenex), at 35° C., and eluting isocratically with 1 ml/min of a 6:4 mixture of methanol:0.8% formic acid in water. Coumarate is detected at 325 nm and elutes at approximately 12.7 min.

TABLE 4-1 Relative Activities of TAL Variants^(1,2,3) Activity Amino Acid Variant Relative to Differences Relative No. SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 10  4 + G401C  5 + S93T  6 + D253G  7 + S73I  8 + G401L  9 + Y304F 10 + G307P 11 + G307H 12 + S93R 13 + A88S 14 + N400M 15 + E95D 16 + S93L 17 + I77M 18 + L108C 19 + R490T 20 + L364M 21 + L364H 22 + M222T 23 ++ A97T 24 ++ V91R 25 ++ S93P 26 ++ N453C 27 ++ Q389T 28 ++ S315A ¹Relative activity was calculated as activity of the variant/activity of SEQ ID NO: 10 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 9). ²Variant No. 17 has the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 and polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. ³+ = 0.1 to 1.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 10; and ++ = >1.5 to 2.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 10

TABLE 4-2 Relative Activities of TAL Variants (0.1 mM tyrosine)^(1, 2) Activity Variant Relative to SEQ No. ID NO: 12 Amino Acid Differences Relative to SEQ ID NO: 10 29 +++ I77M/V91R/S93R/A97T/Q389T/N400M 30 +++ I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/A97T/M222T/R490T 31 ++ I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T 32 ++ I77M/S315A/N453C/A462T 33 + I77M/Q389T 34 ++ I77M/L364M/N453C 35 ++ I77M/Q389T/N400M 36 + I77M/A88S/V91R/S93P/M222T/S315A/L364Y/Q389T/N400T/N453C 37 + I77M/M222T/S315A/L364Y/N400M 38 ++ I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/L364M/N453C 39 +++ I77M/M222T/S315A/Q389T/N400M 40 ++ I77M/E95D 41 +++ I77M/S93L/E95D/M222T/N400T 42 ++ I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M 43 +++ I77M/S315A/N400T 44 ++ I77M/M222T/Q389T 45 +++ I77M/S315A/L364M 46 ++ I77M/S93W/S315A/L364M 47 +++ I77M/S93R/E95D/M222T/S315A/N400M 48 ++ I77M/Q389T/N400T 49 ++ I77M/S315A/Y367F/N400M/N453C 50 +++ I77M/V91R/S93R/E95D/A97T/M222T/N453C 51 ++ I77M/L364M/Q389T/N400M 52 + I77M/S93L/A97T/N400M/N453C/R490T 53 ++ I77M/M222T/L364H 54 +++ I77M/S315A/L364M/R490T 55 + I77M/S93W/S315A/Q389T 56 ++ I77M/S93W/A97T/S315A 57 ++ I77M/S93R/E95D/A97T/R490T/P564S 58 ++ I77M/S93R/E95D/S315A/L364Y/N453C 59 + I77M/M222T/L364M/N400T/N453C 60 +++ I77M/M222T/N400T 61 ++ I77M/S315A/R490T 62 ++ I77M/L364H/N400M/R490T 63 ++ I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N453C 64 ++ I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/A97T 65 ++ I77M/E95D/Q389T/N400M/N453C 66 ++ I77M/S93W/S315A/Q389T/N400T 67 ++ I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C 68 ++ I77M/L364M/N400T 69 ++ I77M/L364M/N400T/R490T 70 +++ I77M/M222T/S315A 71 + I77M/L108C/S315A/L364M/N400M 72 ++ I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/R490T 73 + I77M/S93R/E95D/M222T/L364M/A550V 74 + I77M/V91R/S93R/L108C/M222T/S315A/L364Y/N400M 75 + I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/A97T/L108C/M222T/L364M/Q389T 76 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/S315A 77 +++ I77M/A88S/S93R/S315A/N400T 78 +++ I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400T/N453C 79 +++ I77M/S93L/S315A/N400M 80 ++ I77M/L364H 81 +++ I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/A97T/S315A/Q389T 82 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/S315A/L364M/N453C/R490T 83 ++ I77M/L364M/Q389T 84 ++ I77M/S315A/Q389T 85 +++ I77M/S93L/E95D/S315A 86 + I77M/L108C/L219M/S315A/Q389T/N400M 87 ++ I77M/L364M/R490T 88 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/S315A/Q389T 89 ++ I77M/S93L/E95D/M222T/N400M 90 +++ I77M/L108C/M222T/S315A/N400M 91 + I77M/N400M/N453C 92 ++ I77M/S93P/E95D/S315A/N400M 93 + I77M/V91R/S93W/L108C/L364M/Q389T/N400T/N453C 94 + I77M/L364M 95 +++ I77M/V91R/S93L/M222T/N400M 96 + I77M/S93L/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400T 97 ++ I77M/S93P/E95D/L108C/S315A/R490T 98 +++ I77M/L108C/M222T/S315A/R490T 99 + I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/M222T/S315A/L364H/N400M 100 ++ I77M/M222T 101 +++ I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400T 102 ++ I77M/S315A/L364M/N453C 103 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/A97T 104 + I77M/M222T/S315A/N400T/I423F 105 +++ I77M/L108C/S315A/N400M/R490T 106 +++ I77M/S93R/A97T/S315A 107 ++ I77M/V91R/S93R/E95D/S315A/N400M 108 + I77M/L364M/Q389T/A394V/N400M 109 + I77M/S315A/L364M/N400T/A447T 110 + I77M/S93W/N400T 111 +++ I77M/M222T/S315A/R490T 112 + I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/A97T/M222T/S315A/L364M/N400T 113 ++ I77M/L364H/N400M/R490T 114 + I77M/Q389T/N453C 115 ++ I77M/N400T 116 +++ I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C 117 ++ I77M/S315A/L364H/N453C 118 +++ P7M/L364H/N400M 119 +++ P7M/S315A/L364M/N400M 120 ++ P7M/L364M/N400M 121 ++ P7M/S315A/N400M/N453C/R490T 122 ++ P7M/S315A 123 + P7M/L108C/S315A/L364Y/Q389T 124 + P7M/A88S/S93W/A97T/L108C/S315A/L364Y/N400T 125 ++ P7M/S315A/N453C/R490T 126 ++ I77M/E95D/L364M 127 ++ I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/L108C/M222T/R490T 128 +++ I77M/L364H/Q389T/N400M/N453C 129 +++ I77M/S93L/A97T/S315A/N400M 130 ++ I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/M222T/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N453C 131 +++ I77M/E95D/A97T/S315A/N400M 132 + I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400T/R490T 133 ++ I77M/E95D/S315A/Q389T/A500S 134 ++ I77M/A97T 135 + I77M/L108C/S315A/L364M 136 ++ I77M/M222T/L364M 137 + I77M/R490T 138 +++ I77M/M222T/S315A/N400M 139 ++ I77M/M222T/Q389T/N453C 140 + I77M/V91R/S93R/Q389T 141 + I77M/V91R/S93W/A97T/S315A/N453C 142 + I77M/N400M 143 + I77M/N453C 144 +++ I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M 145 +++ I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/S315A/N400M 146 ++ I77M/E95D/L364H/N400M 147 ++ I77M/S93R/L364M/Q389T/N453C 148 +++ I77M/E95D/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M 149 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C 150 +++ I77M/S315A/N400M 151 + I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/N400M 152 + I77M/A88S/E95D/A153V/S315A/P396Q/N400T/N453C 153 +++ I77M/V91R/S93L/A97T/S315A/N400M/N453C 154 + I77M/L108C/L364M/Q389T/N400T ¹Relative activity was calculated as activity of the variant/activity of SEQ ID NO: 12 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 11). ²+ = 0.1 to 1.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 12 ++ = >1.5 to 2.0 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 12; and +++ = >2.0 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 12

TABLE 4-3 Relative Activities of TAL Variants (2 mM tyrosine)1, 2 Variant Activity Relative No. to SEQ ID NO: 12 Amino Acid Differences Relative to SEQ ID NO: 10 29 ++ I77M/V91R/S93R/A97T/Q389T/N400M 30 + I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/A97T/M222T/R490T 31 + I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T 32 + I77M/S315A/N453C/A462T 33 + I77M/Q389T 34 ++ I77M/L364M/N453C 35 ++ I77M/Q389T/N400M 36 − I77M/A88S/V91R/S93P/M222T/S315A/L364Y/Q389T/N400T/N453C 37 − I77M/M222T/S315A/L364Y/N400M 38 ++ I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/L364M/N453C 39 + I77M/M222T/S315A/Q389T/N400M 40 + I77M/E95D 41 + I77M/S93L/E95D/M222T/N400T 42 + I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M 43 ++ I77M/S315A/N400T 44 + I77M/M222T/Q389T 45 + I77M/S315A/L364M 46 + I77M/S93W/S315A/L364M 47 + I77M/S93R/E95D/M222T/S315A/N400M 48 + I77M/Q389T/N400T 49 ++ I77M/S315A/Y367F/N400M/N453C 50 + I77M/V91R/S93R/E95D/A97T/M222T/N453C 51 + I77M/L364M/Q389T/N400M 52 − I77M/S93L/A97T/N400M/N453C/R490T 53 + I77M/M222T/L364H 54 + I77M/S315A/L364M/R490T 55 + I77M/S93W/S315A/Q389T 56 + I77M/S93W/A97T/S315A 57 ++ I77M/S93R/E95D/A97T/R490T/P564S 58 + I77M/S93R/E95D/S315A/L364Y/N453C 59 − I77M/M222T/L364M/N400T/N453C 60 + I77M/M222T/N400T 61 + I77M/S315A/R490T 62 + I77M/L364H/N400M/R490T 63 ++ I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N453C 64 + I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/A97T 65 ++ I77M/E95D/Q389T/N400M/N453C 66 + I77M/S93W/S315A/Q389T/N400T 67 ++ I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C 68 + I77M/L364M/N400T 69 + I77M/L364M/N400T/R490T 70 + I77M/M222T/S315A 71 − I77M/L108C/S315A/L364M/N400M 72 ++ I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/R490T 73 + I77M/S93R/E95D/M222T/L364M/A550V 74 − I77M/V91R/S93R/L108C/M222T/S315A/L364Y/N400M 75 − I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/A97T/L108C/M222T/L364M/Q389T 76 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/S315A 77 + I77M/A88S/S93R/S315A/N400T 78 ++ I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400T/N453C 79 ++ I77M/S93L/S315A/N400M 80 ++ I77M/L364H 81 + I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/A97T/S315A/Q389T 82 + I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/S315A/L364M/N453C/R490T 83 ++ I77M/L364M/Q389T 84 ++ I77M/S315A/Q389T 85 + I77M/S93L/E95D/S315A 86 − I77M/L108C/L219M/S315A/Q389T/N400M 87 + I77M/L364M/R490T 88 + I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/S315A/Q389T 89 + I77M/S93L/E95D/M222T/N400M 90 + I77M/L108C/M222T/S315A/N400M 91 ++ I77M/N400M/N453C 92 + I77M/S93P/E95D/S315A/N400M 93 − I77M/V91R/S93W/L108C/L364M/Q389T/N400T/N453C 94 + I77M/L364M 95 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/M222T/N400M 96 − I77M/S93L/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400T 97 − I77M/S93P/E95D/L108C/S315A/R490T 98 + I77M/L108C/M222T/S315A/R490T 99 − I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/M222T/S315A/L364H/N400M 100 + I77M/M222T 101 + I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400T 102 ++ I77M/S315A/L364M/N453C 103 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/E95D/A97T 104 − I77M/M222T/S315A/N400T/I423F 105 − I77M/L108C/S315A/N400M/R490T 106 + I77M/S93R/A97T/S315A 107 + I77M/V91R/S93R/E95D/S315A/N400M 108 + I77M/L364M/Q389T/A394V/N400M 109 − I77M/S315A/L364M/N400T/A447T 110 + I77M/S93W/N400T 111 + I77M/M222T/S315A/R490T 112 − I77M/A88S/S93L/E95D/A97T/M222T/S315A/L364M/N400T 113 + I77M/L364H/N400M/R490T 114 + I77M/Q389T/N453C 115 ++ I77M/N400T 116 ++ I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C 117 ++ I77M/S315A/L364H/N453C 118 ++ I77M/L364H/N400M 119 + I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M 120 ++ I77M/L364M/N400M 121 ++ I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C/R490T 122 ++ I77M/S315A 123 − I77M/L108C/S315A/L364Y/Q389T 124 − I77M/A88S/S93W/A97T/L108C/S315A/L364Y/N400T 125 ++ I77M/S315A/N453C/R490T 126 ++ I77M/E95D/L364M 127 + I77M/V91R/S93W/E95D/L108C/M222T/R490T 128 + I77M/L364H/Q389T/N400M/N453C 129 + I77M/S93L/A97T/S315A/N400M 130 + I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/M222T/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N453C 131 + I77M/E95D/A97T/S315A/N400M 132 − I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400T/R490T 133 ++ I77M/E95D/S315A/Q389T/A500S 134 + I77M/A97T 135 − I77M/L108C/S315A/L364M 136 + I77M/M222T/L364M 137 ++ I77M/R490T 138 + I77M/M222T/S315A/N400M 139 ++ I77M/M222T/Q389T/N453C 140 + I77M/V91R/S93R/Q389T 141 + I77M/V91R/S93W/A97T/S315A/N453C 142 + I77M/N400M 143 + I77M/N453C 144 + I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M 145 + I77M/V91R/S93P/E95D/S315A/N400M 146 + I77M/E95D/L364H/N400M 147 ++ I77M/S93R/L364M/Q389T/N453C 148 + I77M/E95D/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M 149 + I77M/V91R/S93L/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C 150 ++ I77M/S315A/N400M 151 + I77M/S93W/E95D/A97T/N400M 152 + I77M/A88S/E95D/A153V/S315A/P396Q/N400T/N453C 153 ++ I77M/V91R/S93L/A97T/S315A/N400M/N453C 154 − I77M/L108C/L364M/Q389T/N400T ¹Relative activity was calculated as activity of the variant/activity of SEQ ID NO: 12 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 11). ²− = <0.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 12; + = >0.5 to 1.3 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 12; and ++ = >1.3 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 12.

TABLE 4-4 Relative Activities of TAL Variants (100 uM tyrosine)^(1, 2) Activity Variant Relative to No. SEQ ID NO: 14 Amino Acid Differences Relative to SEQ ID NO:14 155 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/Q521K 156 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 157 + F18H/T54K/S73K/C503Q/Q521K/V554I 158 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/Q521K/C565P 159 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q/C565P 160 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q 161 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/Q521K 162 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 163 + F18H/G59R/Q521K 164 + F18H/C503Q/C565P 165 + L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 166 + F18H/G59R/L214Q/C503Q 167 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 168 + F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q 169 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 170 + F18H/L47A/S491/T54K/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L 171 + F18H/S73K 172 + F18H/T54K/G59R/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 173 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 174 + F18H/S73K/N193D/R305M/C503Q/Q521K 175 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/T389Q/Q521K 176 + F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/Q521K 177 + F18H/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 178 + F18H/C503Q 179 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C565P 180 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 181 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/R305M/T389Q 182 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/C565P 183 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/C64S/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 184 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 185 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C565P 186 + F18H/S73K/C503Q/C565P 187 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 188 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 189 + F18H 190 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/C565P 191 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/Q521K/C565P 192 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/M364L 193 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 194 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q 195 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q 196 + F18H/T389Q/Q521K 197 + F18H/T54K/L214Q/C503Q 198 + F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 199 + F18H/L47A/S73K/R305M/T389Q/C503Q 200 + F18H/L47A/M364L/Q521K 201 + F18H/L214Q 202 + F18H/G59R/M364L/Q521K 203 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/H250N/T389Q 204 + F18H/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 205 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 206 + F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K 207 + F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/Q521K 208 + F18H/L47A/S73K/R305M/Q521K/C565P 209 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 210 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 211 + F18H/L47A/T54K 212 + F18H/T54K/C503Q/C565P 213 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 214 + F18H/S73K/C503Q/Q521K 215 ++ F18H/L47A/Q521K/C565P 216 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 217 + F18H/L47A/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 218 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/R305M/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 219 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 220 + F18H/L47A/G59R/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 221 + F18H/L47A/G59R/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 222 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 223 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/R305M/M364L/Q521K/C565P 224 + F18H/S73K/M364L/C565P 225 + F18H/L47A 226 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 227 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/Q521K/C565P 228 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/L392Q/C503Q/Q521K 229 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 230 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 231 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 232 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 233 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 234 + F18H/L47A/T54K/T389Q 235 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 236 + F18H/T54K/G59R 237 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 238 + F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/C565P 239 + F18H/T54K/G59R/L214Q/T389Q/Q521K 240 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q 241 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q 242 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 243 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 244 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 245 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 246 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q 247 + G59R 248 + F18H/S73K/Q521K/C565P 249 + F18H/L47A/T54K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 250 + F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/Q521K/C565P 251 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/T389Q/C565P 252 + F18H/L214Q/Q521K 253 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 254 ++ F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 255 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/C503Q 256 + F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 257 + F18H/L47A/T389Q/C503Q 258 + F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 259 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 260 + L214Q/Q521K/C565P 261 + F18H/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 262 + F18H/L47A/G59R/A97T/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 263 + F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 264 + F18H/G59R/L214Q/Q521K 265 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 266 + L47A/L214Q/M364L 267 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/C503Q 268 + F18H/T46N/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M370Q/C503Q/Q521K 269 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 270 ++ F18H/L47A/C503Q 271 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 272 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/M364L/Q521K 273 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 274 ++ L47A/G59R/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 275 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L 276 + S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 277 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/C503Q/C565P 278 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L 279 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/Q521K/C565P 280 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/M364L/C565P 281 + L47A/L214Q/C503Q 282 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 283 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 284 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/A97T/M364L/C503Q 285 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 286 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 287 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 288 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 289 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 290 + Y160P/M372S 291 + S175A 292 + Y160P/Q336V 293 + Y160P 294 + V484A ¹Relative activity was calculated as activity of the variant/activity of SEQ ID NO: 14 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 13). ²+ = <1.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14; and ++ = >1.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14.

TABLE 4-5 Relative Activities of TAL Variants (1.3 mM tyrosine)^(1, 2) Variant Activity Relative No. to SEQ ID NO: 14 Amino Acid Differences Relative to SEQ ID NO: 14 155 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/Q521K 156 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 157 + F18H/T54K/S73K/C503Q/Q521K/V554I 158 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/Q521K/C565P 159 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q/C565P 160 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q 161 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/Q521K 162 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 163 + F18H/G59R/Q521K 164 + F18H/C503Q/C565P 165 + L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 166 + F18H/G59R/L214Q/C503Q 167 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 168 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q 169 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 170 + F18H/L47A/S491/T54K/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L 171 + F18H/S73K 172 + F18H/T54K/G59R/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 173 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 174 + F18H/S73K/N193D/R305M/C503Q/Q521K 175 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/T389Q/Q521K 176 ++ F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/Q521K 177 + F18H/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 178 + F18H/C503Q 179 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C565P 180 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 181 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/R305M/T389Q 182 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/C565P 183 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/C64S/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 184 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 185 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C565P 186 + F18H/S73K/C503Q/C565P 187 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 188 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 189 + F18H 190 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/C565P 191 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/Q521K/C565P 192 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/M364L 193 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 194 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q 195 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q 196 + F18H/T389Q/Q521K 197 + F18H/T54K/L214Q/C503Q 198 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 199 + F18H/L47A/S73K/R305M/T389Q/C503Q 200 + F18H/L47A/M364L/Q521K 201 + F18H/L214Q 202 + F18H/G59R/M364L/Q521K 203 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/H250N/T389Q 204 + F18H/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 205 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 206 + F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K 207 + F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/Q521K 208 + F18H/L47A/S73K/R305M/Q521K/C565P 209 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 210 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 211 + F18H/L47A/T54K 212 + F18H/T54K/C503Q/C565P 213 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 214 + F18H/S73K/C503Q/Q521K 215 + F18H/L47A/Q521K/C565P 216 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 217 + F18H/L47A/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 218 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/R305M/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 219 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 220 + F18H/L47A/G59R/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 221 + F18H/L47A/G59R/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 222 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 223 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/R305M/M364L/Q521K/C565P 224 + F18H/S73K/M364L/C565P 225 + F18H/L47A 226 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 227 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/Q521K/C565P 228 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/L392Q/C503Q/Q521K 229 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 230 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 231 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 232 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 233 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 234 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/T389Q 235 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 236 + F18H/T54K/G59R 237 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 238 ++ F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/C565P 239 + F18H/T54K/G59R/L214Q/T389Q/Q521K 240 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q 241 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q 242 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 243 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 244 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 245 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 246 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q 247 + G59R 248 + F18H/S73K/Q521K/C565P 249 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 250 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/Q521K/C565P 251 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/T389Q/C565P 252 + F18H/L214Q/Q521K 253 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 254 ++ F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 255 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/C503Q 256 + F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 257 ++ F18H/L47A/T389Q/C503Q 258 + F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 259 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 260 + L214Q/Q521K/C565P 261 + F18H/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 262 + F18H/L47A/G59R/A97T/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 263 ++ F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 264 + F18H/G59R/L214Q/Q521K 265 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 266 + L47A/L214Q/M364L 267 + F18H/G59R/S73K/C503Q 268 + F18H/T46N/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M370Q/C503Q/Q521K 269 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 270 ++ F18H/L47A/C503Q 271 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 272 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/M364L/Q521K 273 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 274 ++ L47A/G59R/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 275 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L 276 + S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 277 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/C503Q/C565P 278 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L 279 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/Q521K/C565P 280 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/M364L/C565P 281 ++ L47A/L214Q/C503Q 282 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 283 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 284 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/A97T/M364L/C503Q 285 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 286 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 287 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 288 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 289 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 290 + Y160P/M372S 291 + S175A 292 + Y160P/Q336V 293 + Y160P 294 + V484A ¹Relative activity was calculated as activity of the variant/activity of SEQ ID NO: 14 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 13). ²+ = <1.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14; and ++ = >1.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14.

TABLE 4-6 Relative Activities of TAL Variants (2.2 mM Phe, 5 h)^(1, 2) Variant Activity Relative No. to SEQ ID NO: 14 Amino Acid Differences Relative to SEQ ID NO: 14 155 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/Q521K 156 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 157 + F18H/T54K/S73K/C503Q/Q521K/V554I 158 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/Q521K/C565P 159 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q/C565P 160 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q 161 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/Q521K 162 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 163 + F18H/G59R/Q521K 164 + F18H/C503Q/C565P 165 + L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 166 + F18H/G59R/L214Q/C503Q 167 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 168 + F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q 169 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 170 + F18H/L47A/S49I/T54K/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L 171 + F18H/S73K 172 + F18H/T54K/G59R/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 173 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 174 + F18H/S73K/N193D/R305M/C503Q/Q521K 175 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/T389Q/Q521K 176 + F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/Q521K 177 + F18H/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 178 + F18H/C503Q 179 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C565P 180 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 181 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/R305M/T389Q 182 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/C565P 183 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/C64S/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 184 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 185 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C565P 186 + F18H/S73K/C503Q/C565P 187 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 188 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 189 + F18H 190 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/C565P 191 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/Q521K/C565P 192 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/M364L 193 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 194 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q 195 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q 196 + F18H/T389Q/Q521K 197 + F18H/T54K/L214Q/C503Q 198 + F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 199 + F18H/L47A/S73K/R305M/T389Q/C503Q 200 + F18H/L47A/M364L/Q521K 201 + F18H/L214Q 202 + F18H/G59R/M364L/Q521K 203 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/H250N/T389Q 204 + F18H/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 205 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 206 + F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K 207 + F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/Q521K 208 + F18H/L47A/S73K/R305M/Q521K/C565P 209 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 210 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 211 + F18H/L47A/T54K 212 + F18H/T54K/C503Q/C565P 213 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 214 + F18H/S73K/C503Q/Q521K 215 ++ F18H/L47A/Q521K/C565P 216 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 217 + F18H/L47A/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 218 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/R305M/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 219 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 220 + F18H/L47A/G59R/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 221 + F18H/L47A/G59R/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 222 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 223 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/R305M/M364L/Q521K/C565P 224 + F18H/S73K/M364L/C565P 225 + F18H/L47A 226 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 227 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/Q521K/C565P 228 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/L392Q/C503Q/Q521K 229 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 230 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 231 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 232 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 233 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 234 + F18H/L47A/T54K/T389Q 235 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 236 + F18H/T54K/G59R 237 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 238 + F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/C565P 239 + F18H/T54K/G59R/L214Q/T389Q/Q521K 240 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q 241 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q 242 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 243 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 244 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 245 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 246 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q 247 + G59R 248 + F18H/S73K/Q521K/C565P 249 + F18H/L47A/T54K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 250 + F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/Q521K/C565P 251 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/T389Q/C565P 252 + F18H/L214Q/Q521K 253 + F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 254 ++ F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 255 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/C503Q 256 + F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 257 + F18H/L47A/T389Q/C503Q 258 + F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 259 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 260 + L214Q/Q521K/C565P 261 + F18H/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 262 + F18H/L47A/G59R/A97T/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 263 + F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 264 + F18H/G59R/L214Q/Q521K 265 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 266 + L47A/L214Q/M364L 267 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/C503Q 268 + F18H/T46N/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M370Q/C503Q/Q521K 269 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 270 ++ F18H/L47A/C503Q 271 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 272 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/M364L/Q521K 273 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 274 ++ L47A/G59R/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 275 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L 276 + S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 277 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/C503Q/C565P 278 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L 279 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/Q521K/C565P 280 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/M364L/C565P 281 + L47A/L214Q/C503Q 282 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 283 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 284 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/A97T/M364L/C503Q 285 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 286 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 287 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 288 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 289 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 290 + Y160P/M372S 291 + S175A 292 + Y160P/Q336V 293 + Y160P 294 + V484A ¹Relative activity was calculated as activity of the variant/activity of SEQ ID NO: 14 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 13). ²+ = <1.1 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14; and ++ = >1.1 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14. HTP-Analysis of Clarified Lysates Pretreated with Protease:

TAL variants were challenged with chymotrypsin and trypsin to simulate the environment of the lower intestine. First, 30 μL of protease mix (0.01-100 mg/ml chymotrypsin (C4129, Sigma Aldrich), 0.01-100 mg/ml trypsin (T7409, Sigma Aldrich), 1 mM CaCl₂, and 1 mM HCl), 30 μL of 0-50 mM sodium taurocholate in 500 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, and 90 μL clarified lysate were added to a 96-well round bottom plate (Costar #3798, Corning). The plates were sealed and incubated at 37° C., 400 rpm, 1″ throw for 1 h prior to analysis. Residual activity was determined by adding 100 uL of sodium phosphate and tyrosine (to final concentrations of 100 mM and 1.3 mM respectively), pH 7.0 and 100 μL of protease treated lysate are added to a polyacrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635, Corning). The reactions are mixed briefly and the activity is determined as described in “Analysis of Clarified lysate” above. The results of this assay are provided in Table 4-7.

TABLE 4-7 Relative Activities of TAL Variants (1.4 g/L trypsin and chymotrypsin)^(1, 2) Variant Activity Relative No. to SEQ ID NO: 14 Amino Acid Differences Relative to SEQ ID NO: 14 155 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/Q521K 156 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 157 + F18H/T54K/S73K/C503Q/Q521K/V554I 158 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/Q521K/C565P 159 + F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q/C565P 160 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q 161 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/Q521K 162 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 163 + F18H/G59R/Q521K 164 + F18H/C503Q/C565P 165 ++ L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 166 ++ F18H/G59R/L214Q/C503Q 167 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 168 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q 169 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 170 ++ F18H/L47A/S49I/T54K/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L 171 ++ F18H/S73K 172 + F18H/T54K/G59R/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 173 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 174 + F18H/S73K/N193D/R305M/C503Q/Q521K 175 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/T389Q/Q521K 176 + F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/Q521K 177 + F18H/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 178 + F18H/C503Q 179 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C565P 180 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 181 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/R305M/T389Q 182 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/C565P 183 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/C64S/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 184 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 185 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C565P 186 + F18H/S73K/C503Q/C565P 187 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 188 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 189 + F18H 190 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/C565P 191 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/Q521K/C565P 192 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/M364L 193 ++ F18H/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 194 + F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q 195 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q 196 + F18H/T389Q/Q521K 197 + F18H/T54K/L214Q/C503Q 198 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 199 + F18H/L47A/S73K/R305M/T389Q/C503Q 200 + F18H/L47A/M364L/Q521K 201 + F18H/L214Q 202 + F18H/G59R/M364L/Q521K 203 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/H250N/T389Q 204 + F18H/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 205 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 206 + F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K 207 + F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/Q521K 208 + F18H/L47A/S73K/R305M/Q521K/C565P 209 + F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 210 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 211 + F18H/L47A/T54K 212 + F18H/T54K/C503Q/C565P 213 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 214 + F18H/S73K/C503Q/Q521K 215 ++ F18H/L47A/Q521K/C565P 216 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 217 ++ F18H/L47A/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 218 + F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/R305M/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 219 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 220 + F18H/L47A/G59R/M364L/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 221 + F18H/L47A/G59R/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 222 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 223 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/R305M/M364L/Q521K/C565P 224 + F18H/S73K/M364L/C565P 225 ++ F18H/L47A 226 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 227 + F18H/S73K/L214Q/Q521K/C565P 228 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/L392Q/C503Q/Q521K 229 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 230 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 231 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 232 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 233 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 234 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/T389Q 235 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K 236 + F18H/T54K/G59R 237 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 238 ++ F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/C565P 239 + F18H/T54K/G59R/L214Q/T389Q/Q521K 240 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q 241 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/L214Q 242 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 243 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 244 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 245 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 246 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/C503Q 247 + G59R 248 + F18H/S73K/Q521K/C565P 249 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q 250 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/Q521K/C565P 251 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/T389Q/C565P 252 + F18H/L214Q/Q521K 253 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 254 ++ F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 255 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/C503Q 256 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q 257 ++ F18H/L47A/T389Q/C503Q 258 + F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 259 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 260 + L214Q/Q521K/C565P 261 + F18H/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 262 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/A97T/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 263 + F18H/L47A/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 264 + F18H/G59R/L214Q/Q521K 265 + F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/M364L/C503Q/C565P 266 + L47A/L214Q/M364L 267 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/C503Q 268 ++ F18H/T46N/L47A/S73K/L214Q/M370Q/C503Q/Q521K 269 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 270 ++ F18H/L47A/C503Q 271 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/L214Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 272 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/M364L/Q521K 273 + F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K 274 ++ L47A/G59R/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 275 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/L214Q/M364L 276 + S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 277 ++ F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/C503Q/C565P 278 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L 279 ++ F18H/L47A/L214Q/M364L/Q521K/C565P 280 ++ F18H/G59R/S73K/M364L/C565P 281 ++ L47A/L214Q/C503Q 282 ++ F18H/S73K/L214Q/Q521K 283 + F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/L214Q/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 284 ++ F18H/L47A/T54K/A97T/M364L/C503Q 285 ++ F18H/L47A/G59R/L214Q/M364L/T389Q/C503Q/Q521K/C565P 286 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/M364L/C503Q/Q521K 287 ++ F18H/L47A/S73K/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 288 + F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 289 ++ F18H/L47A/A97T/L214Q/M364L/C503Q 290 + Y160P/M372S 291 + S175A 292 + Y160P/Q336V 293 + Y160P 294 + V484A ¹Relative activity was calculated as activity of the variant/activity of SEQ ID NO: 14 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 13). ²+ = <1.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14; ++ = >1.5 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14; and +++ = >2 relative activity over SEQ ID NO: 14. HTP-Analysis of Clarified Lysates Pretreated with Acid:

TAL variants are challenged under acidic conditions to simulate the environment of the stomach. First, 20 μL of 1M sodium citrate (pH 4.05) and 30 μL of water or 50 μL of 400 mM sodium citrate pH 4.05, followed by 50 uL of clarified lysate are added to a 96-well round bottom plate (Costar #3788, Corning). The plate is sealed and incubated at 37° C., 400 rpm, 1″ throw for 1 h prior to analysis. The acid-treated lysate is clarified by centrifuging the samples (3200×g for 10 min at 4° C.). Then, 100 μL of 200 mM sodium phosphate, 0.01-3 mM tyrosine, 80 μL of 1.0 M sodium phosphate pH 7.0, and 20 μL of acid-treated lysate are added to a poly-acrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635, Corning). The reactions are mixed briefly, and the activity is determined as described above.

HTP Analysis of Clarified Lysates Pretreated with Pepsin:

TAL variants are challenged with acidic conditions and pepsin to mimic the environment of the stomach. First, 50 μL of 0.01-100 mg/ml pepsin in 400 mM sodium citrate pH 1.5-4, and 50 μL of clarified lysate are added to a 96-well round bottom plate (Costar #3798, Corning. The plate is sealed and incubated at 37° C., 400 rpm, 1″ throw for 1-12h prior to analysis.) Then, 100 μL of 200 mM sodium phosphate/50 mM tyrosine pH 7.0, 80 uL of 1M sodium phosphate, and 20 μL of acid-treated lysate are added to a poly-acrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635, Corning). The reactions are mixed briefly, and the activity is determined as described above.

Example 5 Assays to Determine Protein Aggregation of TAL Variants

Propensity to aggregation is determined using the ProteoStat® Protein Aggregation Assay kit (Enzo) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, purified TAL at 0-100 μM is mixed with ProteoStat® detection reagent (1:2000) and analyzed via flow cytometry. Samples are assessed for fluorescence consistent with the ProteoStat® aggregation standards as known in the art (See e.g., Bershtein et al., Mol. Cell, 133-144 [2013]).

Example 6 Purification of TAL From Shake Flask Cultures

TAL variants are grown in shake flask cultures as described above. Saturated cultures are pelleted by centrifugation (4000 rpm×20 min) and the cell pellets are stored at −80° C. prior to purification. Cell pellets are thawed at room temperature and resuspended in 25 mM Tris, pH 8 with 130 mM NaCl at 5 mL of buffer/g of cells. Sample slurry is lysed using a microfluidizer with a pressure setting of 110 psi. Lysate is clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 1 hour, followed by filtration through 0.2 m PES (polyethersulfone) filter (Millipore).

After lysis, the resulting lysate is heated at 85° C. for 1.5-2 hours. The lysate is removed from the heat and clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm at 4° C. for 1 hour. The supernatant containing soluble TAL is filtered through a 0.2 m PES filter prior to loading onto a chromatography column.

The heat-treated, filtered lysate (80-100 mg of total protein) is diluted two-fold using 25 mM Tris, pH 8 with 1.2 M ammonium sulfate. The sample is loaded on to a HiPrep 16/10 Phenyl FF (hi sub) column (GE Healthcare) pre-equilibrated with the 25 mM Tris, pH 8, with 0.6M ammonium sulfate. Following sample loading, the column is washed with three column volumes of the same buffer, followed by a linear gradient of 0.6 M-0 M ammonium sulfate in 25 mM Tris, pH 8 for one column volume. TAL that is tightly bound to the column is eluted using an isocratic flow of 25 mM Tris, pH 8 for three column volumes. Fractions containing active and pure TAL are pooled.

Purified TAL from the phenyl column is buffer-exchanged into 0.5 M Tris, pH 8.5, and concentrated. Concentrated TAL is analyzed by SDS-PAGE and found to be present in a band at −60 kDa. The purified TAL samples are filtered through a 0.45 m PES filter and are stored at −80° C. until ready for use.

Purified TAL from the phenyl column is buffer-exchanged into 0.5 M Tris, pH 8.5 and concentrated. Concentrated TAL is analyzed by SDS-PAGE and found to be present in a band at −60 kDa. The purified TAL samples are stored at −80° C. until ready for use.

Example 7 Characterization of Purified TAL and TAL Variants

In this Example, various assays conducted to characterize variant TALs are described.

Tolerance to Acidic pH:

Lyophilized powders of TAL variants produced as described in Example 2 are dissolved at 1-80 g/L in 20 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0. Then, 50 μL of each of the enzyme solutions are mixed with 50 μL of 400 mM citric acid (pH 1-5.2) or 100 mM sodium phosphate and reactions are incubated at 37° C. for 1 h at 400 rpm (1″ throw). Then, 20 μL of the reaction are mixed with 80 μL of 1M sodium phosphate pH 7.0 and 100 μL of 200 mM sodium phosphate/0.01-3 mM tyrosine pH 7.5. The reaction is mixed briefly, and the enzymatic activity is determined, as described in Example 4.

Determination of K_(M):

To evaluate if the mutations in the TAL variants had altered kinetics, the Michaelis constant and maximum velocity (V_(max)) were determined for each. To assay, 20 μl of diluted TAL and 180 μl of 2× serially diluted tyrosine (0-2.48 mM tyrosine in 200 mM Tris, pH 7.0), were added to the wells of a poly-acrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3625, Corning). The reaction was mixed briefly and initial rates were determined by tracking the absorbance at 290 nm over time (every 12-20s over 5-20 min) using a SpectraMax® Plus³⁸⁴ or a SpectraMax® 190 (Molecular Devices) absorbance microplate reader. The V_(max) and K_(M) for each tested TAL variant was determined by fitting the data to a Michaelis-Menten equation using non-linear regression.

Amino Acid Specificity:

Some tyrosine ammonia lysases demonstrate activity against phenylalanine and/or histidine in addition to tyrosine. To evaluate whether the mutations present in the TAL variants alter the specificity of TAL variants, the activities variants for these three amino acids are monitored. First, 100 μL of 0-80 g/L of shake flask powder in 10 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, and 100 μL of 50 mM phenylalanine or histidine or 2.5 mM tyrosine in 200 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, are added to a polyacrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635, Corning). The reaction is mixed briefly and initial rates of enzymatic activity are determined as described in Example 4.

Resistance to Porcine and Bovine Proteases:

To evaluate the relative stability of evolved enzymes to representative proteases, porcine trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin (100 mg each) were dissolved in 2 ml of 100 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, and serially diluted 2-fold ten times in 1 mM HCl and 1 mM CaCl₂. To 15 μl of the protease dilution series was added 15 μL of a solution containing 500 mM sodium phosphate pH 7 and 20 mM sodium taurocholate. Then, 20 μL of diluted TAL was added and the mixtures were incubated at 37° C. for 1 h at 800 rpm (1″ throw). After incubation, 180 μl of 2.48 mM tyrosine in 200 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 was added to each well. The reactions were mixed briefly and activity was determined by tracking the absorbance at 290 nm over time (every 12-20s over 5-20 min) using a SpectraMax® Plus³⁸⁴ or a SpectraMax® 190 (Molecular Devices) absorbance microplate reader. Protease resistance was calculated as a percentage residual activity against the control (no protease treatment) sample.

Thermostability of Engineered Variants:

Improved thermostability is a valuable trait useful in manufacture and storage of enzyme therapeutics and often occurs as a byproduct of other stabilization efforts. To assess the relative stability of the variants produced during the development of the present invention, the thermostability of the variants was assessed as follows: 75 μl of TAL variants (˜5 g/Lin 100 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0) were incubated for 1 h at 50-94° C. Samples were cooled to RT and 20 μL was transferred to a poly-acrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635, Corning) containing 180 μl of 2.48 mM tyrosine in 200 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0. The reactions were mixed briefly and activity was determined by tracking the absorbance at 290 nm over time (every 12-20s over 5-20 min) using a SpectraMax® Plus³⁸⁴ or a SpectraMax® 190 (Molecular Devices) absorbance microplate reader. The temperature stability was calculated as a percentage residual activity against an unheated control.

Resistance to Human Proteases:

As described above, some evolved TAL variants are first screened against porcine trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin. Some evolved variants are also tested using human enzymes to confirm that they are resistant to the human homologues of the porcine and/or bovine enzymes. TAL variants (0-80 g/L in 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0) are incubated with human chymotrypsin (Athens Research) 0-80 BTEE units/ml or human trypsin (ProSpec) (0-10,000 BAEE units/ml) at 37° C. for 2 h. First, 100 μL of the reaction mixture, followed by 100 μL of 0-3 mM tyrosine, 100 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, are added to a polyacrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635, Corning). The reaction is mixed briefly and initial rates were determined as described in Example 4.

Resistance to Crude Pancreatic Extract:

The evolved variants are tested against crude porcine pancreatic extract to demonstrate increased resistance to the enzymes present in the extract, as compared to SEQ ID NO:8 or other reference enzyme(s). Shake flask samples of the enzymes are prepared as described in Example 5 are used. The enzymes are provided at 0-80 g/L in 50 mM potassium phosphate pH 6.8) and are mixed 1:1 with porcine pancreatin (4× Sigma-Aldrich) and incubated at 37° C. with shaking (400 rpm, 1″ throw) for up to 23 h.

At the chosen time points, a 10 μL aliquot of each reactions is added to 190 μL of 0-3 mM tyrosine, 100 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0 in a poly-acrylate 96-well plate (Costar #3635). The reaction is mixed briefly and initial rates are determined as described in Example 4.

Example 8 Intestinal Stability of Variant TAL

To assess the stability and activity of TAL variants as they transit through an animal gut, mice are gavaged with purified enzyme variants. Healthy C57Bl/6 mice, 10-12 weeks old and weighing 20-26 g, are maintained in a metabolic cage and fasted for 15h. Water is provided ad libitum. Following the overnight fast, animals are gavaged using a 21-gauge gavage needle with 0.3 ml of 0.5 M Tris-HCl pH 8.5, or TAL variants (purified as described in Example 5) 0-200 mg/ml in 0.5 M Tris-HCl pH 8.5. At 0.5, 2, or 6 h post-gavage, the animals are decapitated, plasma is collected using green-top capillary blood collection tubes (Ram Scientific), and the contents of the stomach, duodenum (˜1-8 cm from the stomach), jejunum (˜10-18 cm from the stomach), ileum (˜8 cm above the cecum), and colon (˜5 cm below the cecum) are collected. The weight of these contents is recorded and the contents are stored at −80° C. prior to analysis.

Stomach or intestinal contents are diluted 4× with 100 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, mixed briefly, and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm×2 min. The supernatants are transferred to a 350 μL, 0.45 μM, AcroPrep™ Advanced 96-well filter plate (Pall Corp), and particulates are removed via vacuum filtration. The clarified filtrate is assessed for enzymatic activity as described in the previous Examples and for the presence of intact PAL protein by SDS-PAGE.

Example 9 Reduction of Serum Tyr Levels in a Mouse Model of Tyrosinemia

To assess the therapeutic value of TAL variants, a mouse model of Type I tyrosinemia find use. Mice deficient in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene (FAH mice; See, Grompe et al., Genes Dev., 7:2298-2307 [1993]) are maintained on nitisinone from conception until 3 months of age (See, Overturf et al., Hum. Gen. Ther., 9:295-304 [1998]). Nitisinone is removed for 0-6 weeks and tyrosine levels are monitored by periodically collecting serum and analyzing it for tyrosine levels as described in Example 10. Once mice have established a consistent tyrosine profile, TAL variants are evaluated for their ability to impact serum Tyr levels. On the day of treatment, at time 0 h, serum is sampled to establish a baseline level for each individual mouse. The mice are gavaged three times with 0.3 ml of 0-100 g/L of BSA or of TAL variants purified as described in Example 7, at times 1 h, 3h, and 5h. At 6h, 7h, and 9h, additional serum samples are taken and analyzed for tyrosine levels as described in Example 10.

An alternative to the oral therapeutic approach described above is intraperitoneal injection of the TAL. In this method, FAH mice off of nitisinone are analyzed to establish baseline tyrosine levels. The mice are injected with 0.2 ml of 0-100 g/L TAL variants, and blood is sampled at 1, 2, 4, or 24 h post-injection. Blood samples are analyzed via LC-MS/MS as described in Example 10.

Example 10 Plasma Tyrosine Levels

Mouse plasma collected as described in Example 8 is evaluated to determine the quantity of tyrosine present. Mouse plasma (50 μL) is combined with 250 μL of acetonitrile containing 0.6 mM of 1-Tyr (Ring D₄; i.e., tyrosine isotopically labeled with deuterium). The samples are mixed at RT for 5 min, centrifuged at 3200×g for 10 min at 4° C. and the supernatants are transferred to a plate for sample analysis. For analysis, 10 μL of each sample is injected into an ABSciex 3200 QTRAP® LC/MS/MS (AB Sciex) and samples are analyzed for levels of tyrosine using methods known in the art.

Example 11 Deimmunization of TAL

In this Example, experiments conducted to identify diversity that would remove T-cell epitopes from TAL are described.

Identification of Deimmunizing Diversity:

To identify diversity that would remove T-cell epitopes, computational methods are used to identify TAL epitopes that would be predicted to elicit a T-cell response. In addition, experimental searches for diversity are also conducted, particularly for protein sites that maintain protein activity in an unchallenged assay (e.g., in the assays described in Example 2). Active variants are then analyzed for their effects on immunogenicity.

Computational Identification of Putative T-cell Epitopes in a Variant TAL:

Putative T-cell epitopes in TAL variants are identified using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) tools, as known in the art and proprietary statistical analysis tools (See e.g., iedb.org and Vita et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 38(Database issue):D854-62 [2010]. Epub 2009 Nov. 11]). Each variant is parsed into all possible 15-mer analysis frames where each frame overlaps the last by 14 amino acids. The 15-mer analysis frames are evaluated for immunogenic potential by scoring their 9-mer core regions for predicted binding to eight common class II HLA-DR alleles (DRB1*0101, DRB1*0301, DRB1*0401, DRB1*0701, DRB1*0801, DRB1*1101, DRB1*1301, and DRB1*1501) that collectively cover nearly 95% of the human population (See e.g., Southwood et al., J. Immunol., 160:3363-3373 [1998]), using IEDB recommended methods. Potential T-cell epitope clusters contained within the variant TAL (i.e., sub-regions contained within the variant TAL that have an unusually high potential for immunogenicity) are identified using statistical analysis tools, as known in the art. The identified T-cell epitope clusters are screened against IEDB database of known epitopes, as well as the GenBank protein database.

Design of Deimmunizing Libraries:

Libraries are designed that use saturation mutagenesis to mutagenize amino acids within the identified T-cell epitopes that are capable or reducing the computed immunogenicity score.

Identification of Deimmunizing Diversity:

Active TAL variants are analyzed for their immunogenicity levels by evaluating their binding to the eight common Class II HLA-DR alleles described above. The total immunogenicity score reflects the overall immunogenicity of the variant (i.e., the higher the score, the greater the immunogenicity). The immunogenic “hit count” indicates the number of 15-mer analysis frames with an unusually high potential for immunogenicity (i.e., the higher the hit count, the greater the immunogenicity). Mutations in the variants that exhibit a lower total immunogenicity score and/or an immunogenic hit count less than that of the reference enzyme (e.g., WT AvPAL and/or Variant No. 8) are considered to be “deimmunizing mutations.” All of the deimmunizing mutations are recombined to generate a number of variants that are active and significantly less immunogenic than the starting reference variant TAL.

Construction and Screening of Deimmunizing Libraries:

Combinatorial and saturation mutagenesis libraries designed to incorporate the deimmunizing diversity as described above are constructed by methods known to those skilled in the art, and tested for activity in an unchallenged assay as described in Example 2. Active variants are identified and sequenced.

Example 12 Assay to Determine Immunogenicity of TAL Variants

After biochemical characterization the most-promising TAL variants are screened for their ability to elicit a T-cell response. Any suitable T-cell assay finds use (See e.g., Tangri et al., J. Immunol., 174:3187-3196 2005]) to establish both the number of healthy human donors who respond to the protein and the intensity of that response. Briefly, in some embodiments, blood samples from approximately 50 healthy human donors are selected based on the distribution of HLA allotypes representative of the human population. PBMCs depleted of CD8+ T cells are isolated from the buffy coats of the blood samples and are used as a source of CD4+ T cells and antigen presenting cells (primarily monocytes and dendritic cells). The TAL variants are then added to the mixtures and early-stage T cell responses are measured by both T-cell proliferation (3H-thymidine incorporation) and release of IL-2.

While the invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments, various changes can be made and equivalents can be substituted to adapt to a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, thereby achieving benefits of the invention without departing from the scope of what is claimed.

For all purposes in the United States of America, each and every publication and patent document cited in this application is incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication or document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. Citation of publications and patent documents is not intended as an indication that any such document is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute an admission as to its contents or date. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase, wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase comprises an amino acid sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:10, and wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase comprises a mutation in at least one position wherein said position is selected from position 47, 54, 59, 64, 73, 77, 88, 91, 93, 95, 97, 108, 214, 219, 222, 253, 304, 307, 315, 364, 367, 389, 394, 396, 400, 401, 423, 447, 453, 462, 490, 500, 503, 521, 550, 554, 564, and/or 565, wherein the positions correspond to SEQ ID NO:10.
 2. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 1, wherein said tyrosine ammonia lyase comprises at least one mutation in at least one position selected from S73, 177, A88, V91, S93, E95, A97, L108, L219, M222, D253, Y304, G307, S315, L364, Y367, Q389, A394, P396, N400, G401, 1423, A447, N453, A462, R490, A500, A550, and/or P564, and wherein the positions correspond to SEQ ID NO:10.
 3. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 2, wherein said tyrosine ammonia lyase further comprises at least one mutation selected from S731, 177M, A88S, V91R, S93L/P/R/T/W, E95D, A97T, L108C, L219M, M222T, D253G, Y304F, G307P/H, S315A, L364H/M/Y, Y367F, Q389T, A394V, P396Q, N400M/T, G401C/L, I423F, A447T, N453C, A462T, R490T, A500S, A550V, P564S, and wherein the positions correspond to SEQ ID NO:10.
 4. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 1, wherein said tyrosine ammonia lyase further comprises a substitution set selected from F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/T54K/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/V554I; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/G59R/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/S491/T54K/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/S73K/I77M/N193D/R305M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/S73K/177M/L214Q/R305M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/G59R/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/C64S/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/177M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/T54K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/177M/R305M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/G59R/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/H250N/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/R305M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/T54K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/R305M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/R305M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/S73K/I77M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/L392Q/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/T54K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/T54K/G59R/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/S73K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/G59R/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/177M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/T54K/G59R/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/G59R/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/177M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/G59R/S73K/I77M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/T46N/L47A/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/M370Q/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/T54K/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/G59R/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/177M/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/C565P; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C; F18H/L47A/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K/C565P; F18H/G59R/S73K/177M/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C565P; F18H/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/Q389T/N400M/N453C/Q521K; F18H/L47A/C64S/S73K/I77M/L214Q/S315A/L364M/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/T54K/177M/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K/C565P; F18H/L47A/S73K/177M/A97T/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q/Q521K; F18H/L47A/S73K/177M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; F18H/L47A/T54K/G59R/I77M/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q; and F18H/L47A/I77M/A97T/L214Q/S315A/Q389T/N400M/N453C/C503Q, and wherein the positions correspond to SEQ ID NO:10.
 5. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 1, wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is thermostable.
 6. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 1, wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is resistant to proteolysis.
 7. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 6, wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is resistant to at least one digestive tract protease.
 8. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 7, wherein said digestive tract protease is selected from chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidases, and elastases.
 9. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 1, wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is acid stable.
 10. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 1, wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is a deimmunized tyrosine ammonia lyase.
 11. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 1, wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase is purified.
 12. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 1, wherein said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase exhibits at least one improved property selected from: i) enhanced catalytic activity; ii) reduced sensitivity to proteolysis; iii) increased tolerance to acidic pH; iv) reduced aggregation; v) decreased Km for tyrosine; vi) decreased immunogenicity; or a combination of any of i), ii), iii), iv), v), and/or vi), as compared to a reference sequence.
 13. The recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim 12, wherein said reference sequence is SEQ ID NO:6, 8, 10, 12, or
 14. 14. A composition comprising at least one recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase of claim
 1. 15. A recombinant polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase set forth in claim
 1. 16. The recombinant polynucleotide sequence of claim 15, wherein said polynucleotide sequence is codon-optimized.
 17. An expression vector comprising the recombinant polynucleotide sequence of claim
 16. 18. The expression vector of claim 17, wherein said recombinant polynucleotide sequence is operably linked to a control sequence.
 19. The expression vector of claim 18, wherein said control sequence is a promoter.
 20. The expression vector of claim 19, wherein said promoter is a heterologous promoter.
 21. A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim
 20. 22. The host cell of claim 21, wherein said host cell is selected from prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 23. A method of producing a tyrosine ammonia lyase variant, comprising culturing said host cell of claim 21, under conditions that said tyrosine ammonia lyase encoded by said recombinant polynucleotide is produced.
 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of recovering said tyrosine ammonia lyase.
 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of purifying said tyrosine ammonia lyase.
 26. A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of tyrosinemia, comprising the enzyme composition of claim
 14. 27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said composition is suitable for oral administration to a human.
 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said composition is in the form of a pill, tablet, capsule, gelcap, liquid, or emulsion.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said composition is coadministered with nitisinone
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30, wherein said composition comprises nitisinone.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein said pill, tablet, capsule, or gelcap further comprises an enteric coating.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said composition is suitable for parenteral injection into a human.
 34. A method for treating and/or preventing the symptoms of tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria in a subject, comprising providing a subject having tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria, and providing the pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 to said subject.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein said symptoms of tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria are ameliorated.
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein said subject is able to eat a diet that is less restricted in its methionine, phenylalanine and/or tyrosine content than diets required by subjects exhibiting the symptoms of tyrosinemia or alkaptonuria.
 37. The method of claim 34, wherein said subject is an infant, child, young adult, or adult.
 38. A method for the production of L-tyrosine and/or L-tyrosine derivatives comprising the steps of providing at least one recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase variant of claim 1 and a suitable substrate, and combining said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase variant(s) and said substrate under conditions such that L-tyrosine and/or at least one L-tyrosine derivative is produced.
 39. A method for the production of coumaric acid, comprising the steps of providing at least one recombinant TAL variant of claim 1 and a suitable substrate, and combining said recombinant tyrosine ammonia lyase variant(s) and said substrate under conditions such that coumaric acid is produced. 